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World of Micro
Microbiology Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| normal flora | microorganisms that colonize the human body but do not normally cause disease; found in areas that come in contact with environment |
| opportunistic | non-pathogenic microorganisms that take advantage of a situation and cause disease in compromised hosts |
| pathogenic | microorganisms that cause disease in healthy hosts and infectious agents |
| commensalism | interaction that benefits one organisms while the other is unaffected (staph on skin) |
| mutualism | interaction where both organisms are benefitted (bacteria in colon) |
| parasitism | interaction where one organism benefits while leading to the detriment of other (bacteria in lung) |
| taxonomy | domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| microorganisms fall into 3 domains classified based on: | cell structure and chemical composition |
| prokaryotes | bacteria and archaea are identical in appearance but differ in chemical composition |
| bacteria | classified as a prokaryote, single celled, have peptidoglycan in their cell wall, multiply by binary fission, move using flagella |
| archaea | classified as a prokaryote, single celled, have a rigid cell wall but no peptidoglycan, multiply by binary fission, move using flagella, grow at extreme environments |
| eukarya | classified as a eukaryote, single or multicellular, all have membrane bound organelles, more complex |
| viruses | nucleic acid surrounded by protein coat |
| bacteriophages | viruses that infect bacteria |
| viroid | RNA without protein coat, infects plants |
| prion | protein only, no nucleic acid, always fatal |
| spontaneous generation | living things come from forces present in non-living or decomposing matter (wrong) |
| biogenesis | living things only come from similar living things (right) |
| nosocomial acquired | infection obtained while inside a healthcare setting |
| community acquired | infection obtained while outside a healthcare setting |
| quorum sensing | how bacteria regulate gene expression in response to what microbes are around them |
| autoinducer | signal molecules that increase in concentration due to cell populations |
| brightfield | dark image on light background, typically need to stain to see (kills the cells) |
| darkfield | bright image on dark background, good for live specimens |
| phase contrast | for "wet" mounted specimens (deviated and un-deviated light), good for live specimens in liquids |
| differential interference contrast (DIC)- | 2 beams of light are combined for 3D image, good for seeing structures on specimen |
| emitted light microscopes | instead of light passing through, the actual specimen emits light using a dark background |
| simple stain | all microbes same color (crystal violet=purple) |
| positive stain | binds microbe that is negatively charged |
| negative stain | binds the background, but not microbe |
| heat fixation | preserves morphology & inactivates enzymes, proteins can be destroyed, usually for bacteria |
| chemical fixation | protects cellular substructures & morphology, usually for more delicate microbes |
| gram stain | can determine if bacteria are: gram positive (purple) or negative (pink) |
| acid-fast stain | can determine if bacteria: has lipid wall (pink) or non-lipid wall (blue) |
| gram stain steps: | crystal violet=primary stain grams iodine=mordant alcohol=decolorizer safranin=counterstain |
| structural stain (see specific parts of a microbe) | endospores, flagella, capsule |
Created by:
lainey2790
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