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Transcription
Human Genetics Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| exome | all of the genomes exons (1.5% of DNA) |
| exons | gene encoding region of DNA |
| retroviruses | transcribe RNA into DNA |
| flu, polio, hepatitis | viruses that use RNA to make proteins |
| prions | proteins that replicates themselves |
| mRNA | encodes amino acid sequence (size:500-4500 nucleotides) |
| rRNA | associates with proteins to form ribosomes (size:100-3000 nucleotides) |
| tRNA | transport amino acids to ribosome for protein synthesis (size:75-80 nucleotides) |
| snRNA | splice pre-mRNA (splicing) |
| miRNA and siRNA | regulate the expression and degradation of mRNA |
| snoRNA | covalently modifies rRNA (regulation) |
| stems | complementary base pairing (H-bonding) between nucleotides on the same tRNA molecule |
| loops | areas of non-complementary nucleotides on the same tRNA molecule |
| anticodon | loop area of tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon |
| amino acid acceptor | the area opposite of the anticodon, strongly bonds to a specific amino acid |
| transcription factors | proteins that initiate and regulate transcription of genes;link the genome to the environment |
| RNA polymerase | an enzyme that helps to produce mRNA (transcripts); constructs RNA chains using DNA as a template |
| promoter | specific sequence that signals that start of a gene (always at the 5' end) |
| TATA binding protein | first transcription factor to bind, attracted to the TATA box |
| pre-initiation complex made up of: | TATA binding protein, transcription factors, RNA polymerase |
| activator | transcription factor that binds enhancer region |
| enhancer | region of DNA upstream or downstream of the promoter that binds the activator, needed to start RNA polymerase transcription |
| repressor | transcription factor that binds the silencer region |
| silencer | region adjacent to enhancer region, prevents RNA polymerase from activating and prevents the gene from being transcribed to mRNA |
| terminator sequence: | AATAAA |
| in termination (step 3) : | RNA polymerase dissociates, DNA double helix re-anneals |
| DNA template strand | sequence is the complement of the growing RNA strand |
| DNA coding strand | sequence is identical to the RNA strand (except T becomes U) |
| 5' cap | backward "G", methyl group added recognition site for translation |
| 3' tail | 200 "A's", for protein synthesis and stability |
| excision of introns | introns cut out, exons are pasted together |
| spliceosome | made up of 4 snRPS, cut out introns and glue exons together |
| alternative splicing | creates isoforms, allows for more diversity of proteins |
| proofing | makes sure mRNA is not too short or long and is the right sequence |
| pre-mRNA | a long transcript created by the transcription of protein encoding genes |
| spliceosome job: | binds cuts between intron/exon, removes introns, and covalently links exons |
| mature mRNA | once pre-mRNA is spliced, capped, edited, and tailed, it becomes this |
| constitutive exons | exons that are always found in the mature mRNA in all cell types |
| alternative exons | exons that are added to vary the protein product in different cell types |
| Rett Syndrome | neuromuscular disorder, mostly affects girls, mutated transcription factor MECP2 on chromosome X |
| Treacher Collins Syndrome | RNA polymerase disease, affects development of bones/tissue of face, mutation of rRNA in ribosome formation |
Created by:
lainey2790
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