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DNA History/Structur
Human Genetics Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 4 criteria to be considered genetic material: | storage of info, expression of info, transmission of info, and variation |
| bacteriophage | a virus that infects bacteria |
| steps in bacteriophage infection: | physically attach to bacterial cell, inject DNA inside of bacterial cell, protein coat left externally, viral replication (bacterial cell bursts) |
| proteins contain: | sulfur, nucleic acids, and phosphorus |
| nucleic acids consists of: | a sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphorus |
| nucleic acid sugars are either: | ribose or deoxyribose |
| the most basic building block of DNA is a nucleotide consisting of: | pentose sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base |
| purines | 2 fused rings, adenine and guanine |
| pyridimines | 1 ring, thymine and cytosine |
| A pairs with T via: | 2 hydrogen bonds |
| C pairs with G via: | 3 hydrogen bonds |
| nuceloside | sugar + base |
| nucleotide | nucleoside + phosphate groups |
| forms of DNA: | A-form (right handed), B-form (right handed), Z-form (left handed) |
| scaffold proteins | frame that guides DNA |
| histones | proteins that DNA coils around |
| nucleosome | set of 8 histones |
| chromatin | 30% histone proteins, 30% scaffolding proteins, 30% DNA, 10% RNA |
| 3 main steps of DNA replication: | initiation, elongation, and finalization (all occur in the S phase of cell cycle) |
| origin of replication | particular sequence where replication will begin, replication bubbles form here with their associated replication forks |
| DNA helicase | binds to the replication fork area, unwinds and separates strands |
| topoisomerase | enzyme that binds ahead of replication fork |
| single strand binding proteins | keep strands separated |
| RNA primers | act as a starting site for new synthesis |
| primase | enzyme that binds RNA primers to strand |
| RNA primers attract DNA polymerase which: | adds nucleotides and proofreads for errors |
| alpha (type of polymerase) | inititiates DNA replication with primase, makes the primer, then alpha and epsilon take over |
| epsilon (type of polymerase) | replication of the leading strand |
| delta (type of polymerase) | replication of the lagging strand |
| gamma (type of polymerase) | replication of mitochondrial DNA |
| kappa (type of polymerase) | replication of benzopyrene damaged DNA |
| eta (type of polymerase) | replication of thymine dimer damaged DNA |
| leading strand | continuous replication in same direction of the unwinding |
| lagging strand | replicated discontinuously |
| Okazaki fragments | fragments of replication on the lagging strand |
| DNA ligase | connects Okazaki fragments |
| flap endonucleases | remove original RNA primers, replaces with DNA |
| telomere sequence: | TTAGGG |
| DNA polymerase can only synthesize DNA in: | a 5' to 3' direction |
| DNA polymerase can't link together: | the first two nucleotides |
| telomerase | enzyme that recognizes sequence and synthesizes additional repeats, binds the 3' strand |
| critical point | can't divide anymore=aging |
| cancer cells | increase telomerase activity |
| Bloom syndrome | mutated helicase, dilated blood vessels, reddening of skin, increased risk of cancer |
| Xeroderma pigmentosum | mutated DNA damage repair, severe sunburn after a few minutes in sun, cancer by age 10 |
| Werner syndrome | mutated Werner protein, develop normally until puberty, then advanced aging |
Created by:
lainey2790
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