Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Praxis
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| isotope | two or more different types of the same atoms—radioactive isotopes like potassium-40 and carbon-14 are used in radiometric dating |
| mitosis | cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes |
| stars | form in large clouds of gas and dust called molecular clouds, molecular clouds are cold which cause gas to clump, creating high density pockets |
| tides | the regular rise and fall of the ocean's surface influenced by the moon's gravity pulling on earth |
| eutrophication of water | the depletion of oxygen in a body of water, increase in nutrients such as phosphates, increase in animals and plant life, decrease in water quality and death of aquatic life |
| light refraction | the bending of a wave when it passes at an angle from one medium into another in which its speed is different |
| heliocentric model | A representation of the relationship between the Sun and planets in which the planets revolve around the Sun. Copernicus proposed the model. |
| pure substance | a substance that has a constant proportion and arrangement—that is, a substance that only contains one type of atom (such as carbon) or has different atoms arranged in a regular way (such as table salt) |
| heating curve | a graphical representation of the correlation between heat input and the temperature of a substance |
| enzymes | a substance produced by cells that helps bring about or speed up the digestion of food |
| ectothermic | relating to an organism that regulates its body temperature by exchanging energy with its surroundings |
| exothermic | Chemical Reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat |
| endothermic | (of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with absorption of heat |
| homologous structures | a similar body part that appears across different species due to a common ancestor |
| Ohm's Law | the electric current through a conductor between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points. voltage (v) = resistance (r) times current (i) |
| acceleration | the rate at which the velocity of an object changes over time |
| absolute brightness | how bright an object in space appears at a standard distance of 32.6 light-years or 10 parsecs |
| albedo | the measure of a surface's reflectivity of energy from the Sun—light surfaces reflect more than dark surfaces, so they have a higher albedo |
| allele | alternative forms of a gene, which affect the expression of a particular trait, such as eye color or blood type |
| allotrope | one of two or more different substances that can be formed by the same element—for example, diamond and graphite are of carbon |
| allitude | the height of an object or point in relation to sea level |
| amino acid | any group of molecules that combine to make up proteins |
| amplitude | the maximum distance moved by a point on a wave measured from its rest position—on a wave diagram, this is the height between the peak and midpoint of the wave |
| aphotic zone | the region of the ocean that is more than 1,000 m deep, where all wavelengths of sunlight have been completely absorbed |
| apparent brightness | how bright an object in space appears from the Earth |
| asteroid | a rocky object that orbits the Sun |
| anemometer | a scientific instrument used to measure the speed and direction of wind |
| aerobic decomposition | the process of dead organisms breaking down in the presence of oxygen |
| anaerobic decomposition | the process of dead organisms breaking down in the absence of oxygen, which releases methane gas |
| balanced chemical equation | an equation where the number of atoms on the left (the reactant) and the right (the product) are equal |
| barometer | a scientific instrument used to measure air pressure in a certain environment |
| basement rock | ancient igneous and metamorphic rock that makes up much of the Earth’s continental crust |
| biome | an area of land that contains a distinct community of plants and animals |
| bulk property | a characteristic or feature of a particular type of material that depends on the type and arrangement of atoms within it |
| carrier wave | a waveform that can carry an input signal, allowing information to be transmitted |
| climate | the long-term average of weather conditions for a particular area |
| climate model | a model that shows the relationship between climate and the factors that affect climate, such as sunlight, the Earth's rotation, the atmosphere, and the oceans |
| codon | a set of three DNA base codes |
| cold front | the edge of a cold air mass that is moving forward |
| color | the appearance of a thing when light strikes it |
| comet | a lump of frozen gases, rock, and dust that orbits the Sun |
| commensal | a relationship where one species lives on another without causing harm |
| compound | a substance made of chemically bonded atoms of more than one element (e.g., H₂O) |
| condensation | the process by which a gas turns into a liquid |
| conduction | the process of energy transfer through materials that are touching |
| constraint | a limit or restriction on a design |
| continental deflection | a term used to describe the way currents bounce off of a continental landmass |
| convection | the transfer of energy in a fluid by movement of the fluid itself |
| Coriolis effect | an effect experienced by freely moving objects, on or above the Earth's surface, due to the rotation of the Earth |
| craton | a stable and relatively immobile part of the Earth’s continental crust |
| criteria | the requirements a design has to meet to be successful |
| crosswind | a wind blowing across the path of a traveling object, which makes it difficult to maintain direction |
| crystillization | the physical process by which crystals are formed, and an instrumental step in the formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks |
| decomposition reaction | a type of chemical reaction in which one reactant breaks down into two or more products |
| dew point | the temperature at which vapor, such as smoke or fog, begins to condense and form dew |
| disphotic zone | the region of the ocean that is 200–1000 m deep, where sunlight becomes increasingly weak |
| dominant allele | an allele that is expressed over another allele, causing a particular characteristic in an organism |
| eon | a division of geologic time, which is in turn divided into eras |
| epoch | a subdivision of geologic time that is shorter than a period |
| era | a subdivision of a geologic eon—is the second-longest period of geologic time |
| evapotranspiration | the loss of water from soil through evaporation (from the surface of the soil) and transpiration (from the surface of leaves of plants growing from the soil) |
| expressed | the information contained within a gene that is shown in an organism |
| extended structure | a long chain of, sometimes, thousands of molecules |
| elementary substance | any of more than 100 substances that cannot by ordinary chemical means be separated into different substances |
| feedback loop | the phenomenon by which part of a system’s output goes on to become part of that system’s input |
| fjord | a deep, narrow, and long body of water, with steep land on its sides |
| force | a push or a pull that causes an object to change its motion (that is, start moving, stop moving, or change direction) |
| frequency | the number of waves produced per second |
| front | the boundary formed when two air masses meet, creating some type of weather or precipitation |
| galaxy | a system of millions of stars, and huge clouds of dust and gas, held together by gravity and the force of attraction |
| gene | a unit of DNA that is located on a chromosome and determines what traits are inherited by an individual |
| gene drive | a natural process and genetic engineering technique that passes particular genes on to the next generation |
| genetic pedigree | a model that shows the members of a family who are affected by a specific genetic trait |
| genome | all the genetic material that an organism has |
| genotype | the set of genes responsible for an organism’s unique traits |
| gyre | a large circulating surface ocean current |
| half life | the time needed for a quantity to reduce its value by half |
| headwind | a wind blowing in the opposite direction to a traveling object, which decreases its speed |
| heat capacity | a property of a material defined by how much energy needs to be transferred to it to raise its temperature by any given unit—usually 1°C (1.8°F) |
| heterogenous mixture | a mixture of two or more substances that remain as physically separate substances |
| hindcast | a calculation that tests climate models by running them backward to see if they accurately come up with past climates |
| homogenous mixture | a mixture of two or more substances that appears to be a single, uniform medium, with no visible separation between its components |
| hormone | a substance produced by body cells and released into the blood that has a specific effect on cells or organs |
| infared | relating to electromagnetic radiation that is invisible to the human eye and has wavelengths between about 700 nm and 1 mm |
| isobar | a line on a weather map to show points that have the same air pressure |
| iterate | to repeat something, such as a set of steps or a procedure, usually in order to get closer to a desired result |
| iteration | the process of repeating something, such as a set of steps or a procedure, usually in order to get closer to a desired result |
| joule | the basic unit of measurement used to discuss energy |
| jump-out | a ramp designed to help animals to cross barriers such as roadside fencing, also known as an escape ramp |
| Kessler | a predicted scenario of never-ending collisions between satellites and space junk in orbit around the Earth |
| law of conservation of mass | a law that states that the total mass of the products of a chemical reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants |
| leeward side | the side of a mountain that faces away from the direction that wind usually comes from—it is drier and less windy |
| light wave | an electromagnetic wave that transmits light—light waves travel in a straight line |
| linear | an adjective used to describe something, such as a mathematical relationship, that is directly proportional |
| luciferase | a substance, or catalyst, that carries out and speeds up the chemical reactions that produce bioluminescence without being consumed itself |
| luciferin | one of the substances, or reactants, in the chemical reactions that produce bioluminescence |
| lower Earth orbit (LEO) | a type of orbit that is close (with an altitude of 2,000 km or less) to the surface of the Earth—also known as a low-Earth orbit |
| matter | the substance everything is made of, something that takes up space and has weight |
| mechanical wave | a wave made of moving matter—a mechanical wave travels through a medium |
| mechanoreceptor | a sensory cell sensitive to touch, pressure, tension, or vibrations |
| potential energy | Energy that is stored and held in readiness |
| kinetic energy | the energy an object has due to its motion |
| ecosystem | A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. |
| dominant | Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait. |
| recessive | trait of an organism that can be masked by the dominant form of a trait |
| abysmal plain | At depths of over 10,000 feet and covering 70% of the ocean floor, abyssal plains are the largest habitat on earth. Sunlight does not penetrate to the sea floor, |
| combustion reaction | a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light |
| solar nebular theory | the sun, earth and other objects in the solar system formed from a rotating cloud of gas, called a nebula, about 4.5 billion years ago |
| planetesimals | Small planetary objects that form through the action of gravity during the birth of a solar system |
| mass | A measure of the amount of matter in an object |
| covalent bond | A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule |
| sound frequency | number of cycles per second expressed in units called hertz |
| DNA replication | DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell. In it's new home each side of the DNA strand attack to matching nucleotides to create 2 exact copies. |
| Doppler Effect | A change in sound frequency caused by motion of the sound source, motion of the listener, or both. |
| anemometer | An instrument used to measure wind speed |
| barometer | An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure |
| hygrometer | an instrument for measuring the humidity of the air or a gas. |
| significant figures | All the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit |
| oxidation | A chemical change in which a substance combines with oxygen, as when iron oxidizes, forming rust |
| reduction | gaining electrons |
| decompostion | A chemical reaction that breaks down compounds into simpler products. |
| precipitation | Any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth's surface. |
| repipette | hand operated pump that dispenses solution |
| solvent | A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances |
| solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| volumetric flask | used to accurately prepare a volume and concentration of solution |
| Erlenmeyer flash | used for mixing, transporting, and reacting - no accurate for measurements |
| burette | used to accurately dispense liquid |
| graticule slide | marked with grid lines using for counting and estimating a quantity |
| chromatography | used to separate mixtures |
| reactant or reagent | chemical used in chemical reactions |
| centrifuge | used to separate components of a heterogenous mixture |
| mixture | consiting of two or more compounds |
| compound | A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| electrophoresis | the separation of molecules based on electrical charge |
| calorimetry | used to determine the heat released or absorbed in a chemical reaction |
| titration | helps determine the precise endpoint of a reaction |
| phenomenon | an event or effect that can be observed |
| scientific fact | an objective and verifiable observation, can be repeated and demonstrated to others |
| scientific theory | a proposed answer to why something happens, can be tested but not fully proved, can change if new information is found |
| hypothesis | educated guess yet to be proven, attempt to solve a problem |
| law | explanation of events that always leads to the same outcome |
| model | use to explain something on a smaller scale or in simpler terms |
| deka | da, 10 to the first power |
| hecto | h, 10 to the second power |
| kilo | k, 10 to the third power |
| mega | M, 10 to the 6th power |
| giga | G, 10 to 9th |
| ampere | measures electric current (A) |
| kelvin | measures themodynamic temp (K) |
| candela | measures luminous intensity (cd) |
| mole | measure amount of substance at a molecular level (mol) |
| random errors | result in collected data that is wildly different from the rest of the data |
| systematic errors | show up consisently across a sample or data set, may be caused by flaw in design, bias |
| standard deviation | measure the dispersion of a data set or how far from the mean a single data point is likely to be |
| equation for work | Work = force times distance |
| power | the rate at which work is done |
| displacement | when something changes its loc;ation from one place to another |
| displacement equation | change in x = final position - original position |
| vector | magnitude (total displacement) and direction |
| velocity | the rate of motion (speed) in a specific direction, velocity is a vector |
| average velocity | found by dividing the distance traveled by the time traveled, V = distance over time |
| instaneous velocity | an object's velocity at any exact second in time |
| acceleration | change in the velocity of an object, also a vector |
| decceleration | losing speed, opposite direction of acceleration |
| uniform circular motion | when a particle travels in a circle, or circular arc, and at a constant speed |
| projectile motion | movement of an object through two dimensions during a free fall |
| Newton's first law | a body at rest will remain at rest, a body in motion will remain in motion (inertia) |
| net force | the vector sum of all forces |
| Newton's 3rd law | for every force, there is an equal and opposite force |
| Newton's 2nd law | an object's acceleration is directly proportional to the net force acting on the object. mass (Force = mass x acceleration |
| weight | the force pulling a body towards the center of a nearbody body |
| charge | transfered by conduction, induction, friction |
| conduction | must have two points of contact between the two materials |
| induction | occurs due to one material encountering a varying magnetic field |
| friction | to material as are rubbed together, electrons are transfered from one to the other (like static electricity) |
| velocity of a wave | the rate at which in travels in a given medium- just like velocity in physical objects |
| amplitude | distance between the highest and lowest points (crest and trough) |
| node (equilibrium point) | halfway between the crest and trough |
| wavelength | horizontal distance between successive crests or troughs |
| frequency | number of crests or troughs that pass a particular point in a given period of time |
| transverse waves | waves that are perpendicular to the direction of motion |
| longitudinal waves | waves that oscillate in the same direction as the primary motion |
| refraction | direction of light is altered when entering a new medium |
| reflected (light) | the angle at which it hits the surface will be the same as the angel at which it leaves |
| refraction | its direction is may be altered entering the new medium |
| absorbed | surface stores light as heat energy |
| scattering | when waves are reflected in multiple directions |
| diffraction | when a wave encounters a physical object (includes bending, diverging) |
| aerobic cellular respiration | chemical reactions where oxygen reacts with glucose to produce carbon dioxide and water, releasing ATP (3 procesess are involved) |
| Krebs cycle | bonds of glucose are broken down and reformed into ATP |
| glycolysis | enzyme-controlled chemical reactions that happen in cytoplasm, each glucose molecule is spit in half |
| electron transport chair | electrons are transported from enzyme to enzyme until they reach the final receptor |
| fermentation | an aerobic reaction which glucose is only partially broken down, releases energy through the oxidation of sugars, oxygen not always involved |
| chemosynthesis | food making process of chemautotrophs in extreme environments such as sea vents |
| plastids | organelles in plants and algae used to synthesiz and store food |
| amyloplasts | plastids that store the starch formed from glucose during photosynthesis |
| messenger RNA | used by ribosomes to generate a specific protein |
| transfer RNA | collects the needed amino acids and delivers them to the ribosomes |
| mitosis | the asexual process of cell division, one parent divides into two identical daughter cells |
| steps in mitosis | interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
| scientific law | states that an event will occur |
| scientific theory | explanation of why or how the event occured |
| reference point | the starting point you choose to describe the location or position of an object |
| motion | the process of changing positions |
| displacement | the difference between the initial position and the final position of an object |
| speed | a measure of the distance an object travels per unit of time s=d/t (m/s) |
| constant speed | the rate of change of position in which the same distance is traveled in each second |
| instantenous speed | speed at a specific instance in time (when speed is not constant) |
| average speed | total distance traveled divided by the total time it took to travel that distance v with line over = d/t (m/s) |
| velocity | the speed and direction of a moving object |
| acceleration | changes in velocity |
| acceleration | measure of the change in velocity during a given period of time |
| average acceleration | final speed - initial speed/time (m/s Squared) |
| meiosis | Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms |
| nobel gas | an element in group 18 of the periodic table; Atoms that have completely filled energy levels or that eight electrons in their outermost energy level - do not easily lose electrons. ( Group 8 or 18 ) |
| geologic time | A record of the geologic events and life forms in Earth's history. |
| eons | The largest division of time on the geological scale. |
| solstice | The two days of the year on which the sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of the equator |
| equinox | The two days of the year on which neither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the sun |
| trisomy | a condition in which an extra copy of a chromosome is present in the cell nuclei, causing developmental abnormalities. |
| cytokenesis | division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells |
| colloid | A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out. |
| suspension | A mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration |
| solution | A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another. |
| mixture | material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined |
| compound | substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions |
| interphase | each chromosome makes an exact copy of itself (phase of mitosis) |
| prophase | chromosomes thicken (phase of mitosis) |
| metaphase | chromosomes line up in the center of the cell (phase of mitosis) |
| anaphase | one set moves to each side (phase of mitosis) |
| telophase | new membrane begins to form around each daughter cell (phase of mitosis) |
| cytokinesis | two new cells are formed (phase of mitosis) |
| mitosis in order | PMATC |
| force | push or pull |
| noncontact force | gravity, magnetic pull, static electricity |
| law of universal gravitation | all objects are attracted to each other by a force - the strength of this force depends on the masss of objects and the distance between them - mass is greater force is greater, distance is less than force is greater |
| friction | opposes the movement between 2 touching surfaces |
| static friction | prevents sliding past each other |
| sliding friction | opposes motion of two things sliding past each other |
| fluid friction | friction between surface and fluid |
| Newton's 1st law | objects at reast, stay at rest, objects in motion stay in motion |
| net force | sum of all forces acting on an object |
| inertia | objects resist change in it's motion |
| Newton's 2nd law | unbalanced forces and motion, unbalanced forces act on an object at rest, object moves in direction of net force |
| 2nd law equation | acceleration = net force on object divided by object's mass (a=F/m) |
| Newton's 3rd law | opposite forces each action - equal are opposite reaction, action/reaction, conservation of mometum |
| acceleration equation | a = Force/mass |
| momentum | a measure of how hard it is to stop a moving object, momentum = mass X velocity (p=m times v) |
| Domain, Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species | Don't Kill Papa Cause Only Friends Get Stoned |
Created by:
aplumley
Popular Standardized Tests sets