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The Earth is considered a true sphere divided by imaginary reference lines called?
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This called the great circle and is equidistant from the poles of the Earth?
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Basic Navigation
Block 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Earth is considered a true sphere divided by imaginary reference lines called? | parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude |
| This called the great circle and is equidistant from the poles of the Earth? | Equator |
| What is a great circle? | It lies in a plane passing through the sphere's center. It represents the shortest distance between any two points on a sphere. |
| Circles parallel to the equator (lines running east and west) are called ___ | parallels of latitude |
| The equator is at ___ latitude. | 0 degrees |
| What is the reference line used to measure degrees of longitude? | Prime meridian |
| The prime meridian runs through ____ and is at ___ longitude. | Greenwich, England; 0 degrees |
| What are coordinates? | The places where meridians and parallels cross and describe positions of a navigational point on the Earth’s surface (lat/long) |
| Parallels and meridians are measured in? | -Degrees -Minutes -Seconds (not used in ATC) |
| How is measurement stated? | Latitude is always stated before longitude. |
| Great Circle Route Pros and Cons | - Most direct route over the Earth’s surface - Saves time and fuel - Crosses every meridian at a different angle (constantly changing true direction) |
| What is a rhumb line? | line which makes the same angle with each meridian of longitude, and is longer than a great circle route; Holding a constant line/heading. |
| Rhumb Line Pros and Cons | -Requires more time and fuel because of the greater distance traveled -Is easier to navigate because its direction remains constant |
| All mileage in Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) planning and operations must be ____ | Nautical Miles (NM) |
| Statute miles (SM) is used for ? | Visibility |
| Nautical Miles (NM) and Statue Miles (SM) Conversion | -1 NM = 1.15 SM -1 SM = 0.87 NM *SMs will always be greater than NMs* |
| Speed is measured in? | Knots (kt) |
| Time is measured in? | - Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) - 24-hour clock - Time zones |
| Which reference line is used to measure north-south distances? | Equator |
| How many minutes are there in 1 degree of latitude? | 60 |
| Each standard time zone is established every? | 15 degrees longitude |
| What is true speed used in? | Flight planning and en route portions of flight |
| What is ground speed? | The speed of an aircraft relative to the surface of the Earth |
| What is a Mach Number? | - Ratio of TAS to the speed of sound, expressed in decimal form |
| What is indicated airspeed? | Shown on the aircraft’s airspeed indicator |
| Speed is used to determine / For what reasons does a pilot calculate the wind’s effect on true airspeed?: | - Time en route - ETA |
| Indicated airspeed decreased with increases in ___ and ___ | altitude and temperature |
| Time, Speed, and Distance Computation | NMs = must use knots (kts) SM = must use MPH Hours/Minutes = units per hour/minute |
| Time Formula | T = Distance / Speed |
| Speed Formula | S = Distance / Time |
| Distance Formula | D = Speed x Time |
| At high altitudes, an aircraft’s indicated airspeed is _____ its true airspeed | lower than |
| Factors that affect Navigation | -Wind -Ground Speed vs true airspeed -True Course (TC) -Track -Drift Angle -True Heading (TH) |
| True course (TC) represents | the intended path of the aircraft over the Earth’s surface. |
| Drift angle is | what any free object will do as the air moves downwind with the speed of the wind. |
| Track is | the actual path that the aircraft has flown over the Earth's surface |
| True Heading is | true course (TC) corrected for the wind correction angle |
| If the Wind Correction Angle is 20° and the true course is 090°, what is the true heading of the aircraft? | 070° |
| If the desired true course of the aircraft is 090° and the drift angle is 10°, what is the track of the aircraft? | 100° |
| If the track of the aircraft is 195° and the aircraft heading is 180°, what is the wind correction angle in degrees? | 015° |
| Variation is the angular difference between | true north (TN) and magnetic north (MN) |
| Isogonic lines (East/west variation, correction is necessary) | - For east variation, subtract degrees of variation - For west variation, add degrees of variation |
| Agonic Line | Zero variation, no correction necessary, connects points of zero variation |
| Magnetic deviation (DEV) is | the error of a magnetic compass due to magnetic influence in the structure and equipment of the aircraft |
| Which line connects points of equal difference between true and magnetic north? | Isogonic |
| True heading is true course corrected for effects of _____. | Wind |
| Dead Reckoning Navigation is | navigation of an airplane solely by means of computations based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction, speed, GS, and elapsed time. |
| In flight planning, aviation charts are used to plot and determine the following: | -True Course -Distance - Variation |
| What is pilotage and when is it used? | determination of position by identification of landmarks; used in VFR conditions |
| What should a pilot keep in mind when maneuvering an aircraft during a crosswind? | Affects the speed and direction of flight |
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