Block 3
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| The Earth is considered a true sphere divided by imaginary reference lines called? | parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude
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| This called the great circle and is equidistant from the poles of the Earth? | Equator
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| What is a great circle? | It lies in a plane passing through the sphere's center. It represents the shortest distance between any two points on a sphere.
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| Circles parallel to the equator (lines running east and west) are called ___ | parallels of latitude
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| The equator is at ___ latitude. | 0 degrees
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| What is the reference line used to measure degrees of longitude? | Prime meridian
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| The prime meridian runs through ____ and is at ___ longitude. | Greenwich, England; 0 degrees
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| What are coordinates? | The places where meridians and parallels cross and describe positions of a navigational point on the Earth’s surface (lat/long)
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| Parallels and meridians are measured in? | -Degrees
-Minutes
-Seconds (not used in ATC)
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| How is measurement stated? | Latitude is always stated before longitude.
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| Great Circle Route Pros and Cons | - Most direct route over the Earth’s surface
- Saves time and fuel
- Crosses every meridian at a different angle (constantly changing true direction)
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| What is a rhumb line? | line which makes the same angle with each meridian of longitude, and is longer than a great circle route; Holding a constant line/heading.
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| Rhumb Line Pros and Cons | -Requires more time and fuel because of the greater distance traveled
-Is easier to navigate because its direction remains constant
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| All mileage in Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) planning and operations must be ____ | Nautical Miles (NM)
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| Statute miles (SM) is used for ? | Visibility
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| Nautical Miles (NM) and Statue Miles (SM) Conversion | -1 NM = 1.15 SM
-1 SM = 0.87 NM
*SMs will always be greater than NMs*
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| Speed is measured in? | Knots (kt)
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| Time is measured in? | - Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
- 24-hour clock
- Time zones
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| Which reference line is used to measure north-south distances? | Equator
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| How many minutes are there in 1 degree of latitude? | 60
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| Each standard time zone is established every? | 15 degrees longitude
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| What is true speed used in? | Flight planning and en route portions of flight
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| What is ground speed? | The speed of an aircraft relative to the surface of the Earth
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| What is a Mach Number? | - Ratio of TAS to the speed of sound, expressed in decimal form
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| What is indicated airspeed? | Shown on the aircraft’s airspeed indicator
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| Speed is used to determine / For what reasons does a pilot calculate the wind’s effect on true airspeed?: | - Time en route
- ETA
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| Indicated airspeed decreased with increases in ___ and ___ | altitude and temperature
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| Time, Speed, and Distance Computation | NMs = must use knots (kts)
SM = must use MPH
Hours/Minutes = units per hour/minute
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| Time Formula | T = Distance / Speed
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| Speed Formula | S = Distance / Time
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| Distance Formula | D = Speed x Time
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| At high altitudes, an aircraft’s indicated airspeed is _____ its true airspeed | lower than
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| Factors that affect Navigation | -Wind
-Ground Speed vs true airspeed
-True Course (TC)
-Track
-Drift Angle
-True Heading (TH)
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| True course (TC) represents | the intended path of the aircraft over the Earth’s surface.
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| Drift angle is | what any free object will do as the air moves downwind with the speed of the wind.
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| Track is | the actual path that the aircraft has flown over the Earth's surface
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| True Heading is | true course (TC) corrected for the wind correction angle
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| If the Wind Correction Angle is 20° and the true course is 090°, what is the true heading of the aircraft? | 070°
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| If the desired true course of the aircraft is 090° and the drift angle is 10°, what is the track of the aircraft? | 100°
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| If the track of the aircraft is 195° and the aircraft heading is 180°, what is the wind correction angle in degrees? | 015°
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| Variation is the angular difference between | true north (TN) and magnetic north (MN)
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| Isogonic lines (East/west variation, correction is necessary) | - For east variation, subtract degrees of variation
- For west variation, add degrees of variation
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| Agonic Line | Zero variation, no correction necessary, connects points of zero variation
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| Magnetic deviation (DEV) is | the error of a magnetic compass due to magnetic influence in the structure and equipment of the aircraft
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| Which line connects points of equal difference between true and magnetic north? | Isogonic
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| True heading is true course corrected for effects of _____. | Wind
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| Dead Reckoning Navigation is | navigation of an airplane solely by means of computations based on airspeed, course, heading, wind direction, speed, GS, and elapsed time.
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| In flight planning, aviation charts are used to plot and determine the following: | -True Course
-Distance
- Variation
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| What is pilotage and when is it used? | determination of position by identification of landmarks; used in VFR conditions
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| What should a pilot keep in mind when maneuvering an aircraft during a crosswind? | Affects the speed and direction of flight
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