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History
(M) The Liberal Government Public Health Measures 1906-1911 (Section 4)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What 2 factors made it a priority for the government to improve public health at the start of the 20th century? | 1. Many people lived on or below the poverty line 2. 1/3 of the British army responsible for fighting the Boer Wars in Africa and maintaining the British Empire weren't fit for service |
| Why was it a problem that many people lived below the poverty line at the start of the 20th century? | People lived in poor conditions with poor nutrition, making disease spread rapidly |
| Who won the 1906 general election? | The Liberal Party |
| What is a society called in which the government play an active role in caring for various groups in society? | A welfare state |
| What did the Liberal government do once voted in? | Began to introduce measures towards making Britain a welfare state |
| How did the Liberal government improve children's health? | Introducing free school meals |
| When were free school meals introduced? | 1906 |
| By 1914, how many free school meals were being provided? | 14 million |
| What did children begin getting taught in 1906? | About basic hygiene |
| What was the School Medical Service and when was it set up? | A service that checked schoolchildren for illnesses, 1907 |
| What Act made it illegal to neglect a child or sell them tobacco or alcohol? When was it made? | The Children and Young Persons Act, 1908 |
| When were pensions introduced? | 1908 |
| How old did people have to be for a pension and how much did they receive? | Over 70, 25p per week |
| How many pensions were granted in 1908? | 600,000 |
| What did the Liberal government setup for unemployed people to find work? When was it setup? | Labour Exchanges, 1909 |
| What did the Liberal government do in 1909 to aid their goal of improving public health? | Put up taxes |
| Why did so many people not have access to treatment for illnesses at the start of the 20th century? | People could not afford treatment and often didn't seek it until it was too late |
| When was the National Insurance Act introduced? | 1911 |
| Who paid into the National Insurance Scheme? | Workers and their employers |
| What 3 things did the National Insurance Scheme provide? | 1. Free medical care for sick workers 2. Maternity grant to pay for baby essentials 3. Unemployment benefit for those who lost their job |
| Why was the introduction of sickness and unemployment benefits significant for families near the poverty line? | It made them able to cope in the main wage earner became ill or lost their job |
| What was the problem with the National Insurance Act? | Members of a worker's family did not receive treatment if they got ill, nor did self-employed/unemployed people |
| What 3 types of poison gas were used on the Western Front? | 1. Chlorine gas 2. Phosgene gas 3. Mustard gas |
| When was chlorine gas first used? | 1915 |
| When was phosgene gas first used? | 1915 |
| When was mustard gas first used? | 1917 |
| What 2 animals were a problem in the trenches? | 1. Rats 2. Lice |
| What was developed as a result of soldiers being unable to keep their feet dry? | Trench foot |
| How were the chances of infection increased in trenches due to the mens' clothing? | Clothing was muddy and dirty |
| Gangrene was a big problem in WW1. What was gangrene? | When blood supply cannot reach part of the body, the area becomes gangrenous |
| Name 4 diseases developed in the trenches | 1. Trench foot 2. Trench fever 3. Shell shock 4. Dysentery |
| How many British troops supposedly suffered from shell shock? | 80,000 |
| Name the 4 medical stations in WW1 from closest to the front line to furthest | 1. Regimental Aid Post 2. Dressing Station 3. Casualty Clearing Station 4. Base Hospital |
| What did regimental aid posts include? | Stretcher bearers and people with basic first aid knowledge |
| What did a dressing station include? | 10 medical officers, medical assistants and stretcher bearers |
| Who went to casualty clearing stations? | Soldiers with critical injuries |
| Why were casualty clearing stations near railways? | So soldiers needing extensive care could be transported to hospital |
| What group was responsible for dealing with injured soldiers? | The Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) |
| What was the main group of trained nurses that worked with the army called? | The Queen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Service (QAIMNS) |
| How many nurses were there in QAIMNS at the start/end of WW1? | 300/10,000 |
| What was the group of nurses called who joined QAIMNS in working alongside RAMC during WW1? | The First Aid Nursing Yeomanry |
| What was the group of women who drove ambulances in WW1 called? | The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps |
| When was QAIMNS founded? | 1902 |
| When was FANY founded? | 1907 |
| When was the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps founded? | 1917 |
| When Dr Elsie Inglis offered to take women's medical units to make a hospital on the Front line what was she told? | "Hysterical women" were the last thing people wanted there |
| Where did women open military hospitals due to the fact they weren't allowed to in England? | Belgium and France |
| Which two women set up a first aid post in Pervyse for Belgian soldiers? | Mairi Chisholm and Elsie Knocker |
| What were Mairi Chisholm and Elsie Knocker nicknamed by grateful troops? | The Angles of Pervyse |
| Who were VADs in WW1? | Voluntary Aid Detachments sent out by the Red Cross to drive ambulances and act as nurses in hospitals |
| Who were typically members of VADs? | Middle-class women |
| What was the island of Malta used for in WW1? | A medical area for casualties |
| Who did the army request was sent to Malta in 1916? | Medical women to work with RAMC |
| How many female doctors were working in Malta by the end of 1916? | 80 |
| What was the Endell Street Military Hospital? | A hospital in London founded by Louisa Garrett Anderson and Flora Murray. It was staffed entirely by women |
| How many qualified women doctors were there in 1911? | 610 |
| How many qualified women doctors were there in 1921? | 1,500 |
| Name 3 problems with using X-rays during war | 1. Soldier had to stay still whilst in pain 2. X-rays overheated after an hour and couldn't be used until it cooled down 3. High dose of radiation could cause burns |
| Why were blood transfusions not practical during war? | Blood donor had to be present, which was near impossible in warzones |
| What was discovered to stop blood clotting when added to blood and when was this discovered? | Sodium citrate, 1915 |
| What was the name of the first battle where blood depots were made before battle and when was the battle? | Battle of Cambrai, 1917 |
| What condition in a wound would increase the chance of it becoming infected during surgery? | Gas gangrene |
| What were the 3 techniques that surgeons used to treat wounded legs in WW1? | 1. Excision/debridement 2. Carrel-Dakin method (using salt solution to sterilise) 3. Amputation (as a last resort) |
| If nothing else worked, why would surgeons have to amputate a wounded leg? | To prevent spread of infection that would lead to death |
| Why did broken legs need to be kept as straight as possible until an operation? | So they didn't create large wounds in the skin |
| What did Hugh Thomas create to help keep broken legs still? | The Thomas Splint |
| What was required due to many soldiers losing limbs? | Prosthetic limbs |
| How many soldier lost a limb in WW1? | 240,000 |
| Who came up with the idea of using a magnet to draw pieces of metal from a wound? | Harvey Cushing |
| Who was Harvey Cushing? | An American neurosurgeon |
| What did Harvey Cushing discover about anaesthetics? | It was better to use local anaesthetic, as general anaesthetic made the brain swell |
| Who began experimenting with new ways of repairing facial injuries? | Harold Gillies |
| What was a pedicle tube? | A technique used to grow a flap of skin until it could be attached to the body |
| When and where did Gillies set up a plastic surgery unit? | 1917, Kent |
Created by:
JoeMather
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