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Regents review
US History
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Jamestown, Virginia | the first permanent English settlement, founded in 1607 by the Virginia Company for economic reasons |
| Plymouth Colony | The second permanent English colony in North America |
| Mayflower Compact | 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. |
| Virginia House of Burgesses | The first representative assembly in the new world. Created due to distance between Great Britain and the colonies. |
| New England Town Meetings | Democratic style of government. Towns and cities grew around gathering places, and allowed mass participation in politics. |
| 13 Colonies- New England | Rocky Soil, Harbors, Abundant Forests MA-NH-RI-CT |
| 13 Colonies- Middle Colonies | Fertile Soil but small farms, Harbors NY-NJ-PA-DE |
| 13 Colonies- Southern Colonies | Very Fertile Soil, Long Growing Season, Plantation Economy MD- VA-NC-SC-GA |
| Appalachian Mountains | Natural boundary for the 13 colonies, Proclamation Line of 1763 |
| Great Plains | Breadbasket of America- From Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains |
| Indentured Servants | Poorer Europeans signed a contract for work in exchange for passage to North America. (appx 7 years) |
| Mercantilism | Colonies must trade with the mother country |
| Middle Passage | African slave forced journey to the Americas |
| Albany Plan of Union (1754) | Plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin that sought to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies & the Crown. |
| French and Indian War | (1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won. |
| Causes of the American Revolution | 1. Taxation 2. Revocation of Royal Charters 3. Enforcement of Navigation Acts 4. British Demands for Colonists to pay for cost of French and Indian War. 5. Oppression by King 6. Parliament in Colonial Affairs. 7. No Representation in Parliament. |
| Stamp Act | 1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc. |
| Intolerable Acts | series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party |
| Thomas Paine, Common Sense, 1776 | Common Sense was pamphlet that attacked the British monarchy, calling for American independence from Britain. |
| Declaration of Independence | 1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain. |
| Articles of Confederation | 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) |
| Shays' Rebellion (1786-1787) | Angered by taxes & debts, Daniel Shay led a rebellion against the American Gov't. (SHOWED how Articles of Confederation were weak) the people didn't have a commercial bank and had to borrow from each other; were in large debt. |
| Constitutional Convention | A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution |
| Great Compromise (1787) | was an agreement between large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, VA plan-large states NJ-small states, CT- Great Compromise |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment) |
| Census | the official count of a population done every 10 years |
| Anti-Federalists | people who opposed the Constitution |
| Federalists | supporters of the Constitution |
| Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the Constitution, added by the Anti-Federalists demands |
| Federalist Papers | Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constitution |
| Popular Sovereignty | A government in which the people rule by their own consent. |
| Preamble | Introduction to the Constitution |
| Federalism | A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments |
| Elastic Clause | the part of the Constitution that permits Congress to make any laws "necessary and proper" to carrying out its powers |
| Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power |
| strict constructionist (Federalist) | a person who interprets the Constitution in a way that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take |
| Loose Constructionist (Anti Federalist) | broad interpretation of the Constitution |
| Unwritten Constitution | Political practices that are followed, but are not part of the actual Constitution. Examples include political parties, judicial review, and the Presidential Cabinet. |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | Established judicial review |
| Judicial Review | Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws |
| Electoral College | A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president |
| Alexander Hamilton | 1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. |
| Hamilton's Financial Plan | Pay off all war debts, raise government revenues, create a national bank |
| Thomas Jefferson | Wrote the Declaration of Independence, 3rd president; Louisiana Purchase |
| Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. GW used his troops to stop the rebellion |
| Farewell Address | 1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations |
| Louisiana Purchase | territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million |
| Lewis and Clark | Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana Purchase |
| Sacagawea | A Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark |
| War of 1812 | A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France. |
| Impressment | British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service |
| XYZ Affair (1797) | French officials presented American diplomats with a demand for bribes over impressment |
| Midnight Judges | a nickname given to group of judges that was appointed by John Adams the night before he left office. He appointed them to go to the federal courts to have a long term federalist influence, because judges serve for life instead of limited terms |
| Monroe Doctrine | A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. |
| Andrew Jackson | (1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process. |
| Spoils System | A system of public employment based on rewarding party loyalists and friends. |
| Indian Removal Act | law passed in 1830 that forced many Native American nations to move west of the Mississippi River |
| Trail of Tears | The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. More than 4,000-15,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 900 mi. journey. Jackson proposed this. |
| Worcester v. Georgia | Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it |
| Nulllification Crisis- (1832-1833) | Showdown between President Andrew Jackson and the South Carolina legislature, which declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the state and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties. Henry Clay |
| Manifest Destiny | the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable. From sea to shining sea. (East to West) |
| Texas Territory | American settlers take over this territory from Mexico, 1845- President John Tyler annexes the state |
| Mexican-American War (1846-1848) | Conflict between the US and Mexico that after the US annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own. As victor, the US acquired vast new territories from Mexico through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. |
| Gadsden Purchase | Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny. |
| Alaska | 1867 purchase from Russia for $7.2 million |
| Sectionalism | Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole |
| Temperance | abstinence from alcoholic drink |
| Temperance Movement | An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption |
| Seneca Falls Convention | (1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | (1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments |
| Dorothea Dix | A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. |
| Abolitionist | A person who wanted to end slavery |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Author of Uncle Tom's Cabin |
| Frederick Douglass | (1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, |
| Harriet Tubman | Former slave who helped slaves escape on the Underground Railroad |
| Underground Railroad | a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada |
| Missouri Compromise | "Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. |
| Compromise of 1850 | (1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | a law that allowed voters in Kansas and Nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery |
| Bleeding Kansas | A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent. |
| William Lloyd Garrison | 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. |
| Dred Scott Decision | A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen. |
| John Brown | Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) |
| Election of 1860 | Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union. |
| Secede/Secession | to leave or withdrawal from the Union |
| Causes of the Civil War | -Sectionalism -States' rights -Slavery |
| Civil War (1861-1865) | Deadliest war in American history; conflict between north (union) and south (confederacy); 11 southern slave states wanted to secede from Union |
| Civil War Amendments | 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments |
| 13th Amendment (1865) | abolished slavery |
| 14th Amendment | Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws |
| 15th Amendment (1870) | U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Proclamation issued by Lincoln, freeing all slaves in areas still at war with the Union. |
| Gettysburg Address | A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg |
| Reconstruction | the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union |
| Lincoln's Plan for Reconstruction | 10% of voters from the last election had to pledge to support the union. Pardon all Confederates except high-ranking officials and those who were cruel to POW's |
| Radical Republicans | After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South. |
| Freedmen's Bureau | 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs |
| Black Codes | Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War |
| Military Reconstruction Act | 1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions |
| Carpetbaggers | A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states |
| Scalawags | A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners |
| KKK (Ku Klux Klan) | organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups |
| Andrew Johnson Impeachment | Attempted against President in 1868; power struggle b/t him and Congress; President removed cabinet officer w/o Senate approval & interfered w/ Congressional reconstruction; crippled his presidency |
| Solid South | Term applied to the one-party (Democrat) system of the South following the Civil War. For 100 years after the Civil War, the South voted Democrat in every presidential election. |
| Sharecropping | A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. |
| literacy test | A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote. |
| poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses | ways to keep African Americans from voting |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal |
| Booker T. Washington | African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. |
| W.E.B. DuBois | 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910 |
| Industrial Revolution | A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1800s in the US |
| Open Door Policy | American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there |
| Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically. |
| Spanish-American War | 1898 war that began when the United States demanded Cuba's independence from Spain; A splendid little war |
| Yellow Journalism | Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US |
| Corporation | A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts |
| Gilded Age | 1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor |
| Robber Barons | Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. |
| Andrew Carnegie | Built a steel mill empire; US STEEL |
| John D. Rockefeller | Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history |
| Trusts/Monopolies | A combination of corporations cooperating in order to reduce competition and control prices. |
| Social Darwinism | The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. |
| Laissez-faire | Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy. |
| Interstate Commerce Act | 1887 law passed to regulate railroad and other interstate businesses |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions |
| Labor Union | An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members |
| Knights of Labor | 1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed |
| AFL | A labor union formed in 1886 by Samuel Gompers in order to voice the working class (only highly skilled laborers). It fought against labor forces and debated work conditions for skilled workers. Utilized Strikes. |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | March 1911 fire in New York factory that trapped young women workers s; nearly 50 ended up jumping to their death; while 100 died inside the factory; led to the establishment of many factory reforms, including increasing safety precautions for workers |
| Urbanization | Movement of people from rural areas to cities |
| Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall | an American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State. |
| Old Immigrants | immigrants who had come to the US before 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe |
| New Immigrants | immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe |
| Ghettos | Ethnic neighborhoods that were often crowded, unhealthy, and crime ridden. |
| Assimilation | learning the ways of another culture |
| Nativism | A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones |
| Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period |
| Gentleman's Agreement (1907-1908) | An agreement between the U.S. and Japan that limited Japanese emigration to the U.S. American resentment toward immigrants increased in the late 1800s as cities grew crowded and immigrants competed with Americans during the economic downturns |
| Gold Rush | a period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold. |
| Homestead Act of 1862 | this allowed a settler to acquire 160 acres by living on it for five years, improving it and paying about $30 |
| Munn v. Illinois | 1876; The Supreme Court upheld the Granger laws. The Munn case allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads, and is commonly regarded as a milestone in the growth of federal government regulation. |
| Populist Party | U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies |
| Progressive Movement | aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life |
| Muckrakers | Journalists who attempted to find corruption or wrongdoing in industries and expose it to the public |
| Direct primary | Election in which voters choose party nominees. |
| Theodore Roosevelt | 1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. |
| Standard Oil Company | Founded by John D. Rockefeller. Largest unit in the American oil industry in 1881. Known as A.D. Trust, it was outlawed by the Supreme Court of Ohio in 1899. Replaced by the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey. |
| Meat Inspection Act (1906) | Made it so that meat would be inspected by the government from coral to can. It began a quality rating system as well as increased the sanitation requirements for meat producers. |
| Trustbuster (Roosevelt) | -Roosevelt enforces the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, breaking up more than forty trusts, including the Northern Securities -Roosevelt broke up bad trusts (promoting competition) and regulated good trusts.Company and Standard Oil.- |
| Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 | 1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. |
| "Speak softly and carry a big stick" | refers to Roosevelt Diplomacy, which allowed for aggressive foreign policy. "big stick" = the US Navy |
| 18th Amendment | Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages |
| 19th Amendment (1920) | Gave women the right to vote |
| Panama Canal | Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States, it opened in 1915. |
| Causes of WW1 in Europe | Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism |
| Zimmerman Telegram | A telegram Germany Sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S. |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | A policy that the Germans announced on January 1917 which stated that their submarines would sink any ship in the British waters |
| Selective Service Act | Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft |
| Fourteen Points | A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I. |
| Treaty of Versailles | the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans |
| Roaring 20's/Jazz Age | Times were very good for the Am., unemploy. was low, econ. was good, stock market was climbing steadily. A time of booming business, lots of new entertainment like Jazz Age music, and new technologies. |
| Red Scare (1919-1920) | A brief wave of fear over the possible influence of Socialists/Bolsheviks in American life. |
| Scopes Trial (1925) | Tennessee legal case involving the teaching of evolution in public schools. |
| "Return to Normalcy" (1920s) | President Harding's proposal to bring America back to how things were before the war. |
| Herbert Hoover | Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community. |
| Buying on margin | paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest |
| 21st Amendment (1933) | Repeal of prohibition (18th Amendment) |
| Prohibition | A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages |
| Great Migration | movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920 |
| Harlem Renaissance | A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished |
| Great Depression | the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s |
| Great Depression causes | 1)Overproduction, 2)Overspeculation(stock market), 3)gap between rich and poor |
| Dust Bowl, 1935 | a period of severe dust storms that greatly damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US prairies during the 1930s; severe drought and a failure to apply dryland farming methods to prevent wind erosion caused the phenomenon. |
| FDR's New Deal | Government programs passed by Congress to help the U.S. get out of Great Depression |
| Alphabet Soup Agencies | government agencies created by the New Deal to help America recover from the Great Depression |
| 100 days | period from March to June 1933 when Congress passed major legislation submitted by FDR to deal with the Depression |
| FDIC | Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation |
| Social Security Act of 1935 | Provided old-age pension (retirement), and a program of unemployment insurance (temporary aid to help people who lose jobs to find a new job), and federal welfare program (aid for very poor). Most famous and important legacy of New Deal. |
| World War 2 Causes | The Great Depression, and Hitler. The Great Depression was when lots of countries were suffering because of damage from WWI so the money made from war could repay their debts. |
| Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 | series of laws that provided Americans could not ship weapons, loan money, travel on belligerent ships, extend credit, or deliver goods to any belligerent countries; they were high tide of isolationism, and all were repealed between 1939 to 1941. |
| Lend-Lease Act (1941) | President to offer military supplies to nations "vital to the defense of the US"; ended US neutrality (economic war against Germany); Hitler began to sink American ships (limited scale) |
| Pearl Harbor | 7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II. |
| War Bonds/Liberty Bonds | Sold by the government to raise money for the war effort. |
| Rosie the Riveter | A propaganda character designed to increase production of female workers in the factories. It became a rallying symbol for women to do their part. |
| Rationing | Huge part of the war. Things such as rubber, nylon, etc were rationed for the war effort. |
| Japanese Internment Camps | The forcible relocation of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor. |
| D-Day | Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944 |
| Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki | on August 6 and August 9, 1945; this effectively ended the US war with Japan in World War II |
| Nuremberg Trials | A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity. |
| Cold War (1945-1991) | A war of words and threats between the United States and the Soviet Union that was marked primarily by a political and economic, rather than military, struggle between the two nations. |
| United Nations | An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. |
| Divided Germany/ Berlin | Germany was divided into four zones after WWII: Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and France would each occupy a zone, as well as a zone of Berlin, which, although in the Soviet's zone, was also divided. |
| Truman Doctrine (1947) | stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to resist internal left-wing (and therefore it was assumed "communist") movements and prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere. |
| Containment | American policy of resisting further expansion of communism around the world |
| Marshall Plan (1947) | A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe on condition they wouldn't go communist. Helped contain communism in Europe |
| Berlin Airlift | airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin |
| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) | A 1949 defense alliance initiated by the US, Canada, and 10 Western European nations |
| Warsaw Pact | An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO |
| Korean War (1950-1953) | began as a civil war between North and South Korea (which had been established by the USSR and US respectively), but the conflict soon became international |
| 38th Parallel (DMZ) | Division between North and South Korea- Demilitarized Zone |
| Space Race | A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union. |
| Sputnik | First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race. |
| Rosenbergs | Couple executed for giving military secrets to the Soviets in the 1950's |
| Jackie Robinson | The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans. |
| Integration | the act of uniting or bringing together, especially people of different races |
| Linda Brown/ Brown vs. Board of Education | young african american girl who was denied admission to her neighborhood school in topeka, kansas because of her race. with the help of the NAACP, her parents sued the school board; |
| Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott | December, 1955 - In Montgomery, Alabama, she refused to give up her bus seat for a White man as required by city ordinance. It started the Civil Rights Movement and an almost nation-wide bus boycott lasting 11 months. |
| Little Rock Nine | In September 1957 the school board in Little rock, Arkansas, won a court order to admit nine African American students to Central High a school with 2,000 white students. |
| Sit-ins | protests by black college students, 1960-1961, who took seats at "whites only" lunch counters and refused to leave until served; in 1960 over 50,000 participated in sit-ins across the South. |
| Freedom Riders, 1961 | civil rights activists who rode interstate buses into the segregated southern U.S. in 1961. Supreme Court decisions, which ruled segregated public buses unconstitutional. |
| March on Washington (1963) | a large political rally that took place in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his historic "I Have a Dream" speech advocating racial harmony at the Lincoln Memorial during the march. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin |
| 24th Amendment | Abolished poll taxes |
| Affirmative Action | A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964) |
| Malcolm X | 1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; |
| Black Panthers | A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest. |
| GI Bill | law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations |
| Baby Boom | A cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. |
| Conformity | Adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard. |
| Bay of Pigs | In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) | an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. |
| Great Society | President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education. |
| War on Poverty (1964) | President Johnson's program to help Americans escape poverty through education, job training,and community development. |
| Vietnam War | A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. |
| Earl Warren | Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes. |
| Vietnam War: Causes | Vietnam was divided into the Communist North, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the South, supported by the United States. The Viet Cong ( Communist guerillas) attempted to overthrow Saigon, South Vietnam's capital. South Vietnam asked President Kennedy for aid |
| Vietnamization, 1969 | The US policy of withdrawing its troops and transferring the responsibility and direction of the war effort to the government of South Vietnam. It is important because it would bring the end of the Vietnam war in 1973. |
| Nixon and Watergate | impeachment charges of obstructing justice for covering up the Watergate break-in |
| Nixon v. US (1974) | Presidential power is not above the law |
| War Powers Act | 1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat. |
| Nixon, "New Federalism" | Slogan which meant returning power to the states, reversing the flow of power and resources from states and communities to Washington, and start power and resources flowing back to people all over America. I |
| Detente | A policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon. |
| OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) | During the Ford Presidency, Opec creates an oil embargo that pushes inflation from 3 percent in 1972 to 11 percent in 1974, |
| Reaganomics | the economic policies of the former US president Ronald Reagan, associated especially with the reduction of taxes and the promotion of unrestricted free-market activity. |
| Gulf War 1991 | Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait despite peace treaty and refusal to abandon Iraqi occupation |
| Clinton | 1993-2001 |
| NAFTA | A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries. |
| Election of 2000/Bush v. Gore | -Al Gore: former vice president to Clinton, Democrat,-George W. Bush-Election result came down to Florida=Democrats ask for manual recount=Supreme Court Bush v. Gore, rules that they cannot recount --> Bush wins |
| 9/11 Attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon | Attacks by Al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden |
| Taliban | A group of fundamentalist Muslims who took control of Afghanistan's government in 1996 |
| NAACP | The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People |
| School Desegregation | Happened after Brown vs. Board of Ed- Little Rock Nine, nine students went to a "white" school, Desegregation began in 1957 |
| Birmingham Protest | the beginning of the protests civil rights, began in Alabama with MLK Jr. |
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