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BIOLOGY MR1
3.3- 4.4 needs to be memorized
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| An amino acid in which the R group contains a thiol is a ________ | cysteine. |
| Name the structure a polypeptide is returned to after denaturation. | primary |
| Name the structure an amino acid takes on after folding due to hydrogen interactions between amine and carboxyl groups. | secondary |
| Name the structure an amino acid takes on after folding due to reactions between distant R groups and/or between R groups and the solvent. | tertiary |
| Name the structure an amino acid takes on after folding due to reactions on different chains within an amino complex. | quaternary. |
| Would a saturated or unsaturated fatty acid residue of a phospholipid bilayer have more van der Waals interactions with neighboring alkyl chains in a bilayer membrane? | saturated fatty acids have more interactions because they fit into a chain better than bent unsaturated fatty acids. |
| Name the polymer of isoprene units (C5H8)n | terpene |
| Energy extracted from the oxidation of foodstuffs is immediately stored in the ________________ bonds of ATP. | phosphoanhydride |
| What do these three amino acids have in common? histidine, arginine, lysine | basicity, binding affinity to negative molecules |
| What do these amino acids have in common? Glutamate, aspartate | acidity, binding affinity to positive molecules |
| pyrimidine bases are (4 or 5)-carbon cyclic molecules with (1 or 2) ring(s). | 4, 1 |
| purine bases are (4 or 5)-carbon cyclic molecules with (1 or 2) ring(s). | 5, 2 |
| Name the three pyrimidine bases. | cytosine, thymine, uracil |
| Name the two purine bases. | adenine, guanine. |
| When naming a sequence of polynucleotides, which direction do you move? | 5' to 3' |
| Explain the bonding between DNA nucleotides. | 3' hydroxy creates phosphodiester bond with neighboring 5' phosphate group. A pyrophosphate group is released. |
| DNA is _____-handed double helix. This means the helix corkscrews in the _________ direction. | right, clockwise |
| Due to the right-handed double helix in DNA, all bases are ________ and the backbone (ribose-phosphate group) is ________. | interior, exterior |
| In prokaryotes, DNA is twisted into supercoils by enzyme ___ ______. | DNA gyrase |
| To look for patterns and morphology, chromosomes can be stained with chemicals. Areas that hold more stain (darker) are called _______________. | heterochromatin |
| 8 histones tightly packed and wound by DNA are called ___________ | nucleosomes |
| many nucleosomes make up _________, which is what makes up chromosomes. | chromatin |
| To look for patterns and morphology, chromosomes can be stained with chemicals. Areas that hold less stain (lighter) are called ___________. | euchromatin |
| euchromatic regions of chromosomes are areas of higher gene activity. Explain. | Euchromatic regions hold less stain in chromosomal staining due to less tight packing. These areas are less tightly packed to allow for higher transcription rates because they are the more often used portions of the genome. |
| heterochromatic regions of chromosomes are areas of lower gene activity. Explain. | Heterochromatic regions hold more stain in chromosomal staining due to dense packing. These areas are densely packed because they are the less-accessed portions of the genome. |
| Define the p arm of chromosomes. | short |
| Define the q arm of chromosomes. | long |
| the p and q arms of chromosomes are held together by a __________. | centromere |
| Spindle fibers attach to centromeres during cell division. The multiprotein complexes that act as anchor attachment sites for the spindle fibers are ____________. | kinetochores |
| Name the centromere position that allows for equal length arms. | Metacentric |
| Name the centromere position that allows for slight p and q arms. | submetacentric |
| Name the centromere position that allows for dramatic p and q arms. | acrocentric |
| Name the centromere position that allows only for q arms. | telocentric |
| Name the end of chromosomes that is 6-8 base pairs long, guanine rich, and repeated 50-100s of times. It is used to stabilize the chromosome and prevent activation of repair pathways. | telomere |
| Regions of noncoding DNA that may direct chromatin structure assembly or regulate nearby genes, but mostly have no known function. | intergenic regions |
| SNPs (snips) (S_____ N_________ P____________) are variations of one nucleotide approximately every 1000 base pairs in a genome. They are essentially point mutations. | single nucleotide polymorphisms |
| SNPs occur mostly in intergenic regions or genic regions of the genome? | intergenic regions |
| CNVs (C___ N_____ V_________) are structural variations in the genome where large regions are duplicated or deleted. They account for approximately 0.4% of the normal human genome. | copy number variations |
| Which genetic variation is a copy of a region of nucleotides that may be small or large? They are common in heterochromatin, centromeres, and telomeres (intergenic regions). | tandem repeats |
| DNA replication is ________________: after replication, one strand of the new double helix is parental and one strand is newly synthesized daughter DNA. | semiconservative |
| Enzyme ________ unwinds DNA at the ORI (______ __ ___________). The unwound ssDNA is stabilized by SSBPs (______-______ _______ ________). The zone where two strands of parental DNA are separated for replication is called the ____ _______. | helicase, origin of replicaiton, single-stranded binding proteins, open complex |
| What is the set of proteins that synthesize an RNA primer for each template strand? | primosome |
| Name the key enzyme in the primosome. It helps create the RNA primer for DNA replication. | primase |
| DNA polymerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of the ________ strand using the ________ strand as a template. The RNA primer is elongated by adding dNTPs to the __ end. | daughter, parental, 3' |
| What is a dNTP? | deoxynucleotide or deoxynucleoside triphosphate. It is made up of a deoxyribose sugar, aromatic base, and triphosphate group. |
| DNA polymerase is the key component of the _________. RNA polymerase (primase) is the key component of the _________. | replisome, primosome |
| Why does the eukaryotic replisome contain 27 proteins while the prokaryotic replisome contains 13? | eukaryotic DNA must be unwound from histone proteins. |
| Which direction is the daughter strand polymerized? Which direction is the parent strand read? | |
| Polymerization occurs in what direction, without exception? | 5' to 3' |
| DNA polymerization requires what two things? | primer and template |
| Replication forks grow (away from/toward) the ORI in both directions. | away from |
| Name the enzyme that joins okazaki fragments | DNA ligase |
| Name the DNA Polymerase. High processivity, 5' to 3' polymerase activity, 3' to 5' exonuclease activity, starts about 400 base pairs from RNA primer. | DNA Polymerase III |
| What is the attribute that allows DNA Polymerase to move in the 3' to 5' direction and cut off a previously placed incorrect nucleotide? | 3' to 5' exonuclease activity. |
| Name the DNA Polymerase. 5' to 3' polymerase activity, 3' to 5' exonuclease activity to remove RNA primer and replace with DNA, starts at RNA primer. | DNA Polymerase I |
| Endonucleases cut a polynucleotide acid chain in the middle of a chain at a particular sequence. Which endonuclease removes chemically damaged DNA from a chain? | repair enzymes |
| Endonucleases cut a polynucleotide acid chain in the middle of a chain at a particular sequence. Which endonuclease is present in bacteria and destroys viral DNA? | restriction enzymes |
| Prokaryotes have one circular chromosome with one ORI. Because of the shape of the genome, the mechanism of replication is named for the shape it creates. What is the mechanism of replication? | theta replication or theta mechanism |
| Eukaryotes have many chromosomes with many ORIs. Because of the shape of the genome, the mechanism of replication is named for the shape it creates. What are the sections of replication called? | replication bubbles |
| What happens to the many daughter strands of replication bubbles when replication forks meet? | they are ligated together |
| What is the structure of non-coding DNA at the end of chromosomes that functions as a cap? | telomere |
| With every replication, telomeres get shorter due to the mechanism of DNA primers. Name the enzyme the lengthens the shortened telomeres to prevent aging and cell death caused by short telomeres. | telomerase |
| What is the RNA strand connected to human telomerase that is complementary to the end of a telomere? | 3' CCCAAUCCC 5' |
Created by:
oclar11
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