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History
(M) Accelerating Change, 1875-1905 (Section 3)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What disease that was common amongst farm animals did Koch want to prove was caused by microorganisms? | Anthrax |
| When did Robert Koch set up a small laboratory and begin his research? | 1872 |
| What happened as a result of Koch's research? | He was invited to Berlin where the German government gave him funding |
| What living thing was much of Koch and Pasteur's work based around? | Microorganisms |
| How did Pasteur and his team discover vaccinations? | They were investigating chicken cholera. Pasteur's assistant went on holiday, leaving a culture of cholera to the side. He got back and used it on a chicken who didn't develop cholera. It still didn't develop cholera when injected with strong cholera |
| When did Pasteur publicly test his Anthrax vaccination in front of a crowd? | 1881 |
| What were the results of Pasteur's anthrax vaccine experiment? | The unvaccinated animals were dead or swollen/feverish, whilst all of the vaccinated animals were alive |
| Who was the first ever recipient of a vaccine and when? | Joseph Meister, 1885 |
| What disease did Joseph Meister have that needed Pasteur's vaccine? | Rabies |
| How did Koch make it easier to study microorganisms under a mircroscope? | Staining them with chemical dyes |
| What did the study of bacteria become known as? | Bacteriology |
| For what 2 reasons were Pasteur and Koch rivals? | 1. They both wanted to be the first to make significant scientific breakthroughs 2. France and Germany went to war in 1870-71 and both governments were keen to gain honour from their scientists' work |
| When was the anthrax microorganism identified and who discovered it? | Koch, 1875 |
| When did Pasteur develop the vaccine against anthrax in chickens and cows? | 1881 |
| When was the tuberculosis microorganism identified and who discovered it? | Koch, 1882 |
| When was the cholera microorganism identified and who discovered it? | Koch, 1883 |
| Why was there still resistance to Lister's antiseptic techniques after Koch and Pasteur's work? | Carbolic spray made operations difficult |
| What did Koch develop that was used to clean equipment and dressings in surgery? | A steam steriliser |
| How did Koch come up with the idea of a steam steriliser? | Pasteur had shown microorganisms could be killed using heat |
| What is the difference between antiseptic and aseptic surgery? | Antiseptic means fighting infection during the surgery, whereas aseptic is preventing microorganisms from even getting near the open wound |
| In what 3 ways did surgeons create aseptic conditions for surgery? | 1. No spectators allowed in operating theatre 2. Surgeons wore clean clothes 3. Surgeons wore masks and rubber gloves |
| What is catgut made from? | Sheep intestines |
| Why were ligatures not very effective? | They often became hard, preventing the wound from healing and could also cause infection |
| What feature of catgut meant it didn't prevent the body from healing properly? | It dissolved in the body after 2/3 weeks |
| What did Lister do to catgut before using it as a ligature? | Soak it in carbolic acid, to prevent in from causing infection |
| When was it discovered that cocaine could be used as a local anaesthetic? | 1884 |
| What was the safer version of cocaine and when was it developed? | Novocaine, 1905 |
| What was the 1876 River Pollution Prevention Act? | It became illegal for factories to dump waste into rivers |
| What did the 1875 Food and Drugs Act say? | Quality of food on sale had to be inspected |
| What rule surrounding Medical Officers was different in the 1875 Public Health Act compared to the 1848 Act? | Local authorities now HAD to appoint a Medical Officer |
| Why did the 1875 Public Health Act provide lighting on the street? | So people could avoid rubbish and dirt |
| Why did the 1875 Public Health Act want to provide clean water? | To reduce the risk of catching waterborne diseases, such as typhoid or cholera |
| What Act was passed that gave authorities the power to demolish slum housing and when was it passed? | The Artisans' Dwellings Act in 1875 |
| Who was responsible for implementing laws around public health from 1875-1905? | Local authorities |
| What did all the new laws from 1875-1905 show about people's attitudes towards the government? | People's attitudes were changing and they believed the government should have a more active role in protecting public health |
| Why did governments begin to do more to gain support from ordinary people? | More people were gaining the right to vote |
| Who discovered that there were different blood types? | Karl Landsteiner |
| When did Landsteiner discover a fourth blood type? | 1902 |
| Before Landsteiner, why were patients often dying from blood transfusions? | They were being given the wrong blood type |
| Name 2 types of blood disorders that people were suffering from | 1. Anaemia 2. Leukaemia |
| Even after blood types were discovered, what were 2 main problems with blood transfusions? | 1. Blood would clot as soon as it left the body 2. A donor of the right blood type had to be present as the transfusion happened, as it wasn't discovered how to store blood |
| What is diphtheria caused by? | Microorganisms in milk |
| In the 19th century, how many children per year died from diphtheria? | 8,000 |
| What are antitoxins? | A type of antibody that neutralise the toxins released by some microorganisms |
| Who identified the antitoxins produced to fight diphtheria and when? | Emil von Behring, 1890 |
| What did von Behring discover could be done to help cure diphtheria? | Injecting antitoxins used to fight bacteria into a patient |
| What was a magic bullet? | A treatment made to kill disease-carrying microorganisms without affecting other cells in the body |
| Who invented the magic bullet? | Paul Ehrlich |
| When was the first magic bullet invented? | 1909 |
| What was the name of the first magic bullet and what was the reason for this name? | Salvarsan 606, because it was Ehrlich's 606 compound that he had tried |
| Who discovered X-rays? | Wilhelm Röntgen |
| Describe the tube used by Röntgen to discover X-rays | An electric current is passed through a glass tube containing low pressure gases. The tube is covered in black cardboard |
| What was Röntgen trying to study when he discovered X-rays? | Cathode rays |
| How did Röntgen discover X-rays from his experiment? | Normal light could not pass through the black cardboard, but photographic plates were recording unknown light rays |
| When did Röntgen publish his x-ray findings? | December 1895 |
| How come hospitals and other people were allowed to use Röntgen's findings and install their own X-rays? | He purposefully didn't take out a patent for his invention, so others could use it |
| What was the first X-ray of a human? | Röntgen's wife put her hand between the cathode ray tube and photographic plate |
| Why were X-rays important for treating broken bones? | Broken bones could now be set properly, so an injured person wouldn't have to walk with reduced movement |
| Why were X-rays important in combat? | They allowed surgeons to locate the bullet/shrapnel, meaning less time was spent searching the wound (which increased likelihood of infection) |
| How was tuberculosis detected by X-rays? | It showed up as a shadow on the lungs |
| Which 3 people discovered polonium and radium when studying radiation? | 1. Henri Becquerel 2. Marie Curie 3. Pierre Curie |
| When did Pierre Curie die? | 1906 |
| When was a Radium Institute set up for Marie Curie? | 1910 |
| What did Marie Curie mainly focus on when researching radium at her institute? | How it's radioactivity could kill tumors |
| When was Marie Curie awarded her second Nobel Prize? | 1911 |
| What were ambulances in WW1 equipped with thanks to Marie Curie? | Mobile X-ray units |
| What were the mobile X-ray units used in WW1 ambulances called? | Les petites Curies (The little Curies) |
Created by:
JoeMather
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