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digestive system- 6
chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stomach, pancreas, small intestine contains what type of gland? | Exocrine |
| Stomach mixes and stores food into | chyme |
| stomach begin ____ digestion | Protein |
| stomach brakes down protein with what enzyme | PEPSIN |
| low ph of stomach helps to | dentature proteins; kill bacteria |
| 4 types of cells in the stomach | chief, parietal, mucous, G-cells |
| Chief (peptic) cell secretes | pepsinogen |
| Parietal ( oxyntic) cell secretes | HCL |
| G-cell secretes | gastrin into interstitium |
| NO absorption occurs in the | stomach |
| Pepsinogen (zymogen of pepsin) is activated in stomach by | low pH |
| in the cell lumen.... HCL + CO2= | Carbonic acid |
| H+ from Carbonic acid is diffused into cell lumen side to | lower pH of stomach |
| Bicarbonate ion is expelled to the interstitial fluid to | increase pH of blood |
| gastrin stimulates | parietal cells to release HCL |
| Major hormones that affect stomach juice secretion | histamine, gastrin and acetylcholine |
| acetylcholine | stimulates all cells to secrete |
| Gastrin and histamine | stimulate HCL secretion |
| small intestine has outermost layers with fingerlike projections called | villi |
| the villi's apical (lumen side) surface has | microvilli |
| small hairlike stuff on microvilli | brush border |
| brushborder secretes enzymes that digest | carbs, proteins, nucleotides |
| small intestine does | absorption and digestion |
| capillary network and lymph vessel in villi | lacteal |
| _____ increase SA of intestine | microvilli |
| small intestine has epithelial cells called _____, that secrete mucous to lubricate intestine and protect brush border | GOBLET cells |
| Small intestine secrete juices with ____ & ____ | high pH and lysozyme |
| bacteria is regulated in sm intestine by | lysozyme |
| Duodenum has a pH of 6 because of | the bicarbonate ion given off by the pancreas |
| pancreatic enzymes include:: | trypsin, chymostrypsin, ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease and pancreatic amylase and lipase |
| all enzymes of the pancreas are released as | zymogens |
| villi aka | enterocyte |
| Enterokinase located in the brush border activate | trypsin |
| Trypsin activates | all the other enzymes |
| ______ &______ degrade proteins into polypeptides | trypsin and chymotrypsin |
| proteins reach the brush border as polypeptides b4 they reach the enterocyte as | AA, dipeptides, tripeptides |
| enzymes within enterocyte reduce tripeptides and dipeptides into | amino acids |
| enterocyte= | cells of brushborder |
| pancreatic amylase (stronger than salivary amylase) digests | polysacharides into disacharide and trisacharides |
| Lipase | degraded fats into monoglycerides and fatty acids with the help of bile |
| BILE | made by the liver, but stored in the gallbladder; it increases SA, and emulsifies fats (but DOES NOT digest it) |
| Bile Does not touch the _____ of fats | chemistry |
| Large intestine is incharge of | water reabsorbtion and electrolyte absorption. It also contains E.Coli |
| bacteria E.Coli has what type of relationship with the large intestine | mutualistic symbiosis |
| E.coli produce | vitamin k, B12, thiamin and riboflavin |
| local peptide hormones secreted by the small intestine after a mean = | secretin, CCk, gastric inhibitory peptide |
| secretin, CCk, gastric inhibitory peptide | increase BL INSULIN levels especially in the presence of glucose |
| HCL in the duodenum causes | secretin release |
| _____ stimulates sodium bicarbonate secretion by the pancreas | secretin |
| gastric inhibitory peptide | decrease stomach motility |
| causes gallblader contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion. ALSO decreases motility of stomach, allowing more time for the duodenum to digest fats | CCK |
| Is bile an enzyme? | NO it is an emulsifying AGENT |
| The end product of carb digestion is | glucose (carried in the BL) |
| In carb absorbtion, GLUCOSE is absorbed by a ______ and carried _____ the conc. gradient of sodium | secondary active transport mechanism; down |
| formation of glucose= | glycogenesis |
| When BL glucose is low, ____ takes place and in the liver and glucose is returned to the blood | glucogenolysis |
| In all cells except _____ &_______, glucose is transported from high conc. to low via facilliated diffusion. | enterocyte cells and renal tubule cells |
| when you think of proteins think of ___ | nitrogen |
| Proteins have to be degraded into _____ before being absorbed into the blood | amino acids |
| PROTEINS (amino acids) are absorbed down concentration gradient by | cotransport mechamism |
| Amino Acids are transported to the cell via | active or faciliated diffusion (never Passive) |
| Gluconeogenesis of proteins have what byproducts? | Ammonia( nitrogen product) |
| Ammonia is converted to _____ by the liver | urea |
| Urea is expelled from the body by | kidney's - urine |
| fats combine with what to be transported through the blood? | albumin |
| fats need a carrier b/c they r insoluble. These carriers can be | albumin or lipoproteins |
| lipid in plasma= | lipoprotein |
| chylomicrons = | large lipoproteins |
| liver receives blood from... | capillary beds of large intestines, pancreas, stomach, spleen |
| liver receives blood via | hepatic portal vein |
| liver moves blood to the | vena cava |
| A second blood supply is given to the liver (used to oxygenate the liver) via | hepatic artery |
| 2 important clotting factors | prothrombin and fibrinogen |
| ____ is the major osmoregulatory protein in the blood | Albumin |
| Group of proteins that include antibodies | Globulins |
| Antibodies are made from | plasma cells |
| blood storage | liver |
| blood filtration | liver |
| carb, fat, and protein metabolism | liver |
| detoxification | liver |
| vitamin storage | liver |
| erythrocyte destruction | liver |
| fats enter the lymph as _____ before entering the blood | chylomicrons |
| The liver synthesizes | non essential AA |
| Gluconeogenesis | production of glucose and glycogen from non carb precursors; OCCURS MAINLY IN LIVER |
| glycogenolysis is inhibited by | insulin |
| excrete wastes, maintain homeostasis, control plasma pH | KIDNEY |
| urine is emptied in which kidney part? | renal pelvis |
| Filtration occurs in | renal corpuscle |
| reabsoprtion/ secretion occurs in | proximal tubule |
| concentrates solutes in the medulla | loop of henle |
| reabsorbs Na+and Ca2+ and secretes k+, HCO3-, H+ | distal tubule |
| aldosterone has what affect on the distal tubule? | lowers filtrate osmularity |
| distal tubule empties into | collecting duct |
| ADH makes _____ more permeable to water | collecting ducts in the medulla |
| amount of filtrate is related to amount of | hydrostatic pressure in the glomulerus |
| descending loop of henle is | permeable to water |
| ascending loop of henle is | impermeable in water |
| actively transports sodium into the kidney | ascending loop of henle |
| juxtaglomular apparatus monitors filtrate pressure in the | distal tubule |
| actively transports sodium into the kidney | ascending loop of henle |
| juxtaglomular apparatus monitors filtrate pressure in the | distal tubule |
| Renin stimulates angiotensin 1, 2, 3 to stimulates | Adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone |
| aldosterone acts on distal tubule to | secrete K+, and absorb Na2+ |
Created by:
zrsoori
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