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middle ages
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Crusades | a long series of wars between Christians and Muslims who fought for the Holy Land in Israel. |
| Medieval | referring to the Middle Ages c.950-1300 A.D. |
| Chivalry | the code of honorable behavior for Medieval knights |
| Parliament | the lawmaking body that governed Europe |
| Excommunicate | to cast out from the church |
| Saladin | Muslim general, he led the Muslim forces during the 3rd Crusade |
| Pope | the head of the Catholic Church |
| Manor | a large country house with land |
| Charlemagne | King of the Franks, he was a brilliant warrior and strong leader. |
| Knight | a person who served his lord as a mounted and heavily armed soldier |
| Steed | a horse used for riding. In adventure stories set in the Middle Ages, knights are always galloping around on their trusty steeds. |
| Thomas Aquinas | Dominican philosopher, he argued rational thought could be used to support Christian belief |
| Benedict | Italian saint and monk, he created a set of rules for monks to follow |
| King Richard I | King of England, he led Christian soldiers in the 3rd Crusade. Earned respect from enemies for being brave and fair. He was also refereed to as King Richard the Lionheart. |
| William the Conqueror | Powerful French noble who conquered England, he brought feudalism to England |
| Magna Carta | a document signed in 1215 A.D. by King John that required the king to honor certain rights |
| King John | signed the Magma Carta, or "the Great Charter" on June 15, 1215 A.D. |
| Hundred Years War | a conflict between England and France that lasted from 1337 to 1453 A.D. |
| Black Death | also known as the Bubonic plague, a deadly disease that swept through Europe between 1347-1351 A.D. |
| Protestant | a member or follower of any of the Western Christian Churches that are separate from the Roman Catholic Church |
| Dark Ages | is a historical period of time traditionally referring to the Middle Ages marked by a decline in literature. |
| Serf | a tenant farmer was bound to a hereditary plot of land and to the will of his landlord |
| The Great Schism | The Great Schism of 1054 A.D. was the breakup of the Christian church into two sections—the Western (Roman Catholic) and the Eastern sections (Greek Orthodox). |
| Renaissance | a time period after the Dark Ages where classical learning was revived |
| Reformation | a time period after the Dark Ages where classical learning was revived |
| Jousting | a medieval sports contest in which two opponents on horseback, typically knights, fight with lances. |
| Lance | a medieval pole weapon or spear specially made to be used by mounted combatant. The medieval lance was 9 to 14 feet long. |
| Court Jester | "fool," was historically an entertainer during the medieval and Renaissance eras who was a member of the household of a nobleman or a monarch employed to entertain guests |
| Vassal | a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he has vowed homage |
| Homage | special honor or respect shown publicly especially for feudal allegiance |
| Fief | an estate of land, especially one held on condition of feudal service. |
| Lord | Leased land or other property and ran the estate |
| Feudalism | System in which people where given land |
| Bailiff | The senior person living on the manor if the lord was absent |
| Reeve | A senior official with local responsibilities under the crown |
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