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Patho chap 43 & 44
eyes and ears
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 layers of the eye | scelera, choroid, retina |
| what are some basic functions of the eye | see colors, focus images & carry impulses to the optic disc light rays pass through the cornea, anterior chamber |
| what diagnostic tests are used for the eyes | ishihara color chart, snellen chart |
| myopia | near sightedness |
| hyperopia | farsightedness |
| presbyopia | aging |
| astigmatism | an irregularity in the curve of the cornea |
| amblyopia | lazy eye |
| strabismus | crossed eye |
| normal vision | 20/ 20 |
| blindness is considered vision that can't be corrected to better than | 20/200 |
| blepharitis | an infection of the eyelid |
| symptoms of blepharitis | characterized by dry, gritty sensation in t he eye and photophobia |
| photophobia | sensitivity to light |
| stye or a hordeolum | a bacterial infection at the root of the eyelid |
| most common cause of stye | staph a |
| chalazion | the blockage of the meibomian gland near the margin of the eyelid |
| keratitis | inflammation of the cornea |
| most common causative agent in keratitis | HSV |
| what condition does keratitis lead to | keratoconjuctivitis |
| which infection is caused by contact lenses contaminated with ameba | acanthamoeba keratitis |
| keratoconjuctivitis sicca | associated with autoimmune disorders |
| key system of keratoconjuctivitis sicca | reduced tear production |
| dacryocysitis | inflammation of the lacrimal sac |
| symptoms of dacryocystitis | eye is red, watery with purulent exudate |
| scleritis | inflammation of the sclera |
| what is scleritis associated with | autoimmune |
| where does the pain radiate to in scleritits? | eyebrow or temple |
| who is most likely to have scleritis | rheumatoid arthritis & systemic lupus erythematous |
| what is the most common type of eye injury? | corneal abrasion |
| how is corneal abrasion diagnosed | slit lamp, fluorescein dye, woods light |
| how's at the greatest risk for corneal abrasion | people with contact lens |
| what are the symptoms of corneal abrasion | gritty eye, photophobia |
| bacterial conjunctivitis | mucopurulent exudate |
| viral conjunctivitis | watery discharge |
| allergic conjunctivitis | inflamed and cobblestone appearance |
| glaucoma | swelling of the optic nerve caused by increased pressure |
| risk factors glaucoma | > 40 years, ethnicity, history of miagrane, cardiovascular disease |
| causes of glaucoma | increased pressure on optic nerve |
| 2 types of glaucoma | POAG - progressive PACG - rapid |
| symptoms of glaucoma | halos around lights, vision loss, eye redness |
| diagnosis of glaucoma | increase optic cup to optic disc ration on fundoscopic exam |
| risk factors DM retinopathy | diabetes, high blood pressure, pregnancy |
| causes of DM retinopathy | increase glucose levels & damage of retina |
| 2 forms of DM retinopathy | non-proliferative and proliferative |
| symptoms of DM retinopathy | initially - asymptomatic progression - blurred vision, poor night vision |
| diagnosis of DM retinopathy | slit lamp examination & fundoscopic exam |
| risk factors of cataracts | aging, getting too much sunlight, previous eye surgery |
| causes of cataracts | smoking, diabetes, exposure to UV light, age |
| patho of cataracts | excessive growth of epitheal layers of the lens |
| symptoms of cataracts | gradual vision loss, halos at night, cloudiness in lens of eyes |
| risk factors of age related macular degeneration | hypertension, smoking, genetics |
| causes of age related macular degeneration | combination of genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors |
| 2 types of age related macular degeneration | dry (non exudative) - 90% of those with disease wet (exudative) - more severe |
| symptoms of age related macular degeneration | yellow white accumulations in macular region |
| diagnosis of cataracts | tonometry, visual activity, dilated eye exam |
| diagnosis of age related macular degeneration | ansler grid to measure central vision |
| what are the two functions of the ear? | balance and hearing |
| urticle, saccule, semicircular cannals help with? | balance |
| cochlea helps with? | hearing |
| decibel | the unit to describe the loudness of sound |
| when someone whispers, it is how many dB | 0-20 dB |
| normal conversation is at what dB | 60 dB |
| sounds greater than how many dB can cause hearing loss? | 85 dB |
| mild hearing loss | difficulty following conversations |
| moderate hearing loss | hearing aid to hear normal conversation |
| severe hearing loss | can hear speaking, but cannot make out words -> hearing aid needed |
| profound hearing loss | hearing aids, lip reading, sign language |
| conductive loss | the disorder of sound transmission from the outer or middle ear to the receptors of the middle |
| causes of conductive loss | impacted cercum, ottis media |
| sensorineural loss | a disorder of inner ear, auditory nerve or auditory pathway in the brain |
| causes of sensorineural loss | noise trauma, infections, genetic disorders |
| mixed hearing deficiency | loss is a combination of both conduction and sensorineural hearing loss |
| presbycusis | hearing loss in older adults due to gradual loss of hairs in cochlea |
| tinnitus | the perception of abnormal sounds in the head or ear and can be a ringing |
| causes of tinnitus | CN VIII disorders, prolonged noise exposure, infection, meds |
| vertigo | a sense of the room spinning and is different from dizziness |
| diagnostic tests for ear disorders | audiometry, tympanogram, genetic test, MRI & CT |
| most common causes of reversible hearing loss | ear wax |
| otitis externa | known as swimmer's ear |
| symptoms of otitis externa | external ear may be painful, redness, tenderness & draining |
| otitis media | ear infection of the middle of the ear |
| greatest risk of getting ottis media and why | children because they have shorter, wider, and more horizontal eustachian tubes |
| symptoms of ottis media | fever, earache, children will ear tug, poor eating and irritability |
| where is the tympanic membrane | in the middle of the ear |
| what can cause the tympanic membrane to rupture | complication of middle ear infection or trauma |
| what are the symptoms if the tympanic membrane is ruptured or infected | buzzing sound in the ear, earache & hearing loss |
| otosclerosis | is from a callus on the stapes which leads to a decrease in vibrations from limited ossicle movement |
| what type of hearing loss occurs during otosclerosis | progressive; usually in one ear |
| describe meniere's disease | change in fluid volume in bony and membranous labyrinth |
| what are the symptoms of meniere's disease | progressive hearing loss and tinnitus |
| who does meniere's disease affect? | those 40- 50 years |
Created by:
sammy.e7
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