Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
NURS 319: Disorders
Chapter 33 Cerebrovascular Disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| transient ischemic attack (TIA) | temporary blockage of blood flow to brain |
| glutamate | neurotransmitter in brain, excitatory |
| circle of willis | posterior and anterior circulation of blood in brain |
| anoxic encephalopathy | not enough blood or oxygen to the brain |
| aphasia | cannot speak coherently- brain and language does not add up |
| hemorrhagic stroke | bleeding- weakened blood vessel ruptures |
| contralateral | on the other side- ex: hit on right side, injury is on left |
| ipsilateral | situated or appearing on or affecting the same side of the body |
| corticobulbar tract | composed of upper motor neurons of the cranial nerves |
| corticospinal tract | major neuronal pathway providing voluntary motor function |
| arteriovenous malformation (avm) | abnormal vessel build-up |
| ischemic penumbra | area around stroke that is salvageable |
| carotid stenosis | build-up impeding blood flow |
| ischemic stroke | caused by something blocking blood flow |
| decussation | tracts cross over |
| cerebral infarction | stroke |
| lacunar infarct | small (2 to 15 mm in diameter) noncortical infarcts caused by occlusion of a single penetrating branch of a large cerebral artery |
| middle cerebral artery | supply specific regions of brain parenchyma with oxygenated blood |
| cushing's triad | widened pulse pressure (increasing systolic, decreasing diastolic) bradycardia, and irregular respirations |
| neurological deficit | nervous system isn't fully functioning |
| vertebral-basilar insufficiency (VBI) | for brainstem, these arteries aren't working like they should |
| expressive aphasia | people can't come up with words, can't speak |
| receptive aphasia | people cannot understand what is being said to them |
| internal carotid artery | branches of the common carotid arteries that bifurcate into the internal and external carotids at the level of the carotid sinus |
| who is most likely to get a stroke? | 65 and older, those who smoke |
| how common is stroke? | 5th leading cause of death, leading cause of disability in the united states |
| how can complications of a stroke lead to death? | A stroke happens when the blood supply inside the brain is disrupted, killing brain cells. If this happens in a part of the brain that controls the body's automatic 'life support' systems like breathing and heartbeat, it can be life-threatening. |
| are certain populations or ethnicities more likely to have a stroke? | african americans |
| how does geography in the US affect stroke? | Very high rates are reported in the Southeast, and particularly the southeast coastal plain, while very low rates are reported in the Mountain census division and along the northern Atlantic coast. |
| the central nervous system includes | brain and spinal cord |
| the peripheral nervous system includes | cranial and spinal nerves |
| Corticospinal tract (long definition) | major neural pathway providing voluntary motor function and connects the cortex (brain) to the spinal cord |
| corticobulbar tract (long definition) | runs parallel to the CST and carries upper motor neurons from the cortex down into the brainstem and the cranial nerves emerge |
| spinothalamic tract | travels from peripheral nerves up toward into the brain and then crosses the medulla (decussation) before entering the brain |
| how is the cerebrum divided? | into two hemispheres and further divided into lobes |
| where does the anterior circulation gets its blood supply from? | carotid arteries that lead into internal carotid artery and then middle cerebral artery |
| posterior circulation | begins with vertebral arteries, goes into basilar, joins the Circle of willis |
| what is it called when we do not get enough blood supply to the brainstem or posterior blood supply? | vertebrobasilar insufficiency |
| what are the cranial nerves and what do they do? | The cranial nerves are a set of 12 paired nerves in the back of your brain. Cranial nerves send electrical signals between your brain, face, neck and torso. Your cranial nerves help you taste, smell, hear and feel sensations. |
| cranial nerve I | olfactory nerve- sensory |
| cranial nerve II | optic nerve- sensory |
| cranial nerve III | oculomotor nerve- motor |
| cranial nerve IV | trochlear nerve- motor |
| cranial nerve V | trigeminal nerve- motor and sensory |
| cranial nerve VI | abducens nerve- sensory |
| cranial nerve VII | facial nerve- motor and sensory |
| cranial nerve VIII | vestibulocochlear nerve- sensory |
| cranial nerve IX | glossopharyngeal nerve- motor and sensory |
| cranial nerve X | vagus nerve- motor and sensory |
| cranial nerve XI | spinal accessory nerve- motor |
| cranial nerve XII | hypoglossal nerve- motor |
| frontal lobe | emotion and self-control |
| parietal lobe | body awareness |
| temporal lobe | sensory |
| occipital lobe | vision |
| cerebellum | balance and coordination |
| what are the speech regions in the brain called? | Broca area, region of the brain that contains neurons involved in speech function. |
| what is the term for loss of speech? | aphasia |
| why is circulation to the cerebellum so important? | Regulation of cerebral blood flow is vital because it allows the brain to get its nutrients and oxygen even when the blood pressure in the body changes. |
| unusual risk factors for stroke | hypertension, obesity, age, hypercoagulability (birth control), vasculitis, autoimmune issues, sickle cell anemia |
| lacunar stroke | small vessel strokes |
| lacunar stroke causes (most likely) | high cholesterol, obesity, high blood pressure |
| larger vessel stroke explanation | ischemic blockage stops blood flowing through larger arteries |
| two common causes of large vessel strokes? | carotid artery stenosis and atrial fibrillation |
| what is the best way to prevent large vessel strokes? | screening |
| symptoms of large vessel stroke of the left MCA? | unilateral weakness and/or numbness, facial droop, and speech deficits ranging from mild dysarthria and mild aphasia to global aphasia |
| why is the left side considered the dominant side of the brain? | left side of the brain was found to be the center of language and problem-solving. Because the left hemisphere also controls the dominant right hand, it came to be widely regarded as the dominant or major hemisphere, and the right as nondominant or minor |
| do all people have their language centers in the left hemisphere? | no |
| what is different about cerebral metabolism? | metabolically one of the most active of all organs in the body; does not store excess energy & derives almost all of its energy needs from aerobic oxidation of glucose. it requires a continuous supply of glucose and oxygen to meet energy requirements. |
| what is glutamate? | neurotransmitter in the body, excitatory |
| what is cytotoxic edema? | abnormal accumulation of fluid into brain cells and cell swelling |
| what is the result of excess glutamate following cerebral ischemia? | Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity: excessive stimulation of glutamate receptors induces neuronal cell death, a process implicated in several neurological disorders including stroke, epilepsy, brain trauma and chronic neurodegenerative disorders |
| does transient ischemic attack show up on an MRI? | no |
| why is it important to be evaluated after a TIA? | risk for stroke heavily increased |
| gold standard for imaging stroke | diffusion weighted imaging with an MRI |
| why is CT a great fast screening tool for stroke symptoms | shows blood very well |
| what are some non-traumatic causes of hemorrhagic stroke? | female, smoking, family history, AVM |
| what are the presenting symptoms of a hemorrhagic stroke? | headaches, neck pain, weakness, visual/spacial issues |
| what does an angiogram show? | blood flow |
| what kind of deficits do right hemispheric strokes have? | left sided weakness/ paralysis and sensory loss |
| what is the gaze preference | look toward unaffected side |
| what does the saying "time is brain" mean? | time is of the essence when treating a stroke. With each moment that a stroke goes untreated, the nervous tissue in the brain is rapidly and irreversibly damaged. |
| what does the NIHSS scale test for? What does a low score versus a high score mean? | patients for speech, eye-opening, coordination; low score: risky treatments not needed, high score: work fast, increased risk of paralysis/ death |
Created by:
lcorlew1
Popular Pathology sets