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NURS 319: Endocrine
Chapters 24 & 25 Endocrine System and Diabetes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| positive feedback loop | body keeps producing something in abundance (need is met and then some) |
| negative feedback loop | the body is low/high, homeostasis kicks in to maintain balance |
| upregulation of receptors | cell increases response to carry out a specific function |
| downregulation of receptors | cell decreases response to carry out a specific function |
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) | stimulates release of TSH |
| corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) | stimulates secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) |
| prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) | inhibit secretion of prolactin |
| gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) | stimulates secretion of Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone |
| Follice-stimulating hormone (FSH) | females- stimulates growth of ovarian follicle and ovulation; males- stimulates sperm production |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | female- stimulates development of corpus luteum, release of oocyte, production of estrogen and progesterone; males- stimulates secretion of testosterone, development of interstitial tissue of testes |
| prolactin | prepares female breast for breastfeeding |
| growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) | stimulates secretion of growth hormone |
| growth hormone (GH) | stimulates growth and metabolism in bones and muscles |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH) | regulates water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys |
| oxytocin | stimulates contraction of pregnant uterus, milk ejection from breasts after childbirth |
| primary endocrine disorders | dysfunction caused by the endocrine gland itself |
| secondary endocrine disorders | dysfunction caused by abnormal pituitary activity |
| tertiary endocrine disorders | dysfunction caused by a hypothalmic origin |
| hyper GH hormone | causes acromegaly; enlargement of jaw, increase bone density, large hands/ feet, growth of nose and ears |
| hypo GH hormone | causes dwarfism; delayed growth in children, average adult height is 4 feet |
| Addison's disease and symptoms | hypocortisolism; hypoglycemic, hyponatremic, hypotensive, hypokalemic, dehydrated, emotional changes |
| Cushing's disease and symptoms | hypercortisolism; obese, hyperglycemic, bruises, fragile skin/bones |
| hyper ADH hormone | SIADH; hypervolemia, hyponatremia, seizures, decreased urine output |
| hypo ADH hormone | Diabetes insipidus; polydipsia, frequent urination, dehydration, seizures, hypernatremia, weight loss, poor skin turgor, dry mouth |
| major function of T3 and T4 | controls cellular metabolic activity |
| major calcitonin function | retain calcium from blood into bones |
| hyperthyroidism | metabolic rate increases, weight loss, moist skin, enlarged thyroid gland |
| hypothyroidism | lowered metabolic rate, tired, edema, hair loss, constipation, weight gain, bradycardia |
| graves disease | autoimmune disorder of thyroid gland |
| hashimoto's | immune system attacks thyroid gland |
| thyroid storm | thyrotoxic crisis |
| hyperparathyroidism | increased serum calcium level, hypercalcemia, fatigue, kidney stones, osteoporosis |
| hypoparathyroidism | decreased serum calcium level, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, muscle overactivity (spasms, cramps, numbness, tingling) |
| surgery on what gland may cause hypoparathyroidism | parathyroid gland |
| how does cortisol affect the body? | sugar- glucocorticoids, glucose metabolism |
| how does aldosterone affect the body? | salt- mineralocorticoids, electrolyte metabolism and RAAS |
| how do androgens affect the body? | sex- androgens, male sex hormones and some female sex hormones |
| role of catecholamines | ANS- epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| pheochromocytoma | neuroendocrine tumor that grows from chromaffin cells |
| pheochromocytoma signs and symptoms | high BP, headaches, excessive sweating, increased heart rate, paleness, anxiety |
| pheochromocytoma pathophysiology | excessive catecholamine secretion |
| most important issue of pheochromocytoma | life-threatening; can lead to myocardial infarction |
| alpha cells | produce glucagon (opposite effect of insulin), raise blood glucose levels (promotes breakdown of glycogen in liver and release glucose into bloodstream) |
| beta cells | produce insulin, transport blood glucose into body cell, decrease blood glucose levels |
| delta cells | produce somatostatin, reduce food absorption from GI tract, decrease blood glucose |
| type 1 diabetes mellitus | total lack of insulin due to destruction of pancreatic beta cells |
| type 2 diabetes mellitus | insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion from beta cells |
| gestational diabetes mellitus | secretion of placental hormone |
| risk factors for T1DM | family history/ genetics |
| risk factors for T2DM | obesity/ no exercise, ethnicity, age, hypertension, high cholesterol, history of gestational diabetes |
| glucose | blood sugar, body's primary source of energy |
| glycogenesis | formation of glycogen from glucose |
| gluconeogenesis | glucose is generated from pyruvate |
| glycogenolysis | liberating glucose from oxygen (process) |
| role of fatty acids in blood glucose maintenance of starvation | fatty acids are oxidized in muscle, inhibiting glucose utilization in tissue. glucose is stored in tissues ready for use |
| hypoglycemia | less than 70 |
| hyperglycemia | greater than 125 |
| normal glucose level | 70-100 |
| how does insulin work in the body? | helps more glucose from the blood into your cells |
| ketoacidosis | liver processes fat into ketones too fast, blood becomes acidic |
| hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state | too much glucose leads to hyperglycemia, water depletion, osmotic diuresis |
| hypoglycemia patho | little glucose, no energy, mental changes |
| somogyi effect | low blood sugar at night leads to high in the morning due to surge of hormones |
| dawn phenomenon | morning hormones raise blood sugar |
| classic signs of T1DM | thirst, losing weight, excessive hunger, tired/weak |
| symptoms of T1DM | irritable, mood changes, blurry vision |
| symptoms of T2DM | thirst, weight loss, fatigue, slow healing wounds, frequent urination |
| arteriosclerosis | build up of cholesterol plaque along artery walls |
| peripheral artery disease | narrowed blood vessels due to build up |
| peripheral neuropathy | nerves outside the brain/spinal cord are damaged |
| retinopathy | damage to retina blood vessels |
| nephropathy | deterioration of kidney function |
| poor wound healing/ diabetic foot ulcers | open sore, slow healing due to inadequate blood flow |
| immunosuppression | loss of ability to fight infections/ invaders as normal |
| autonomic neuropathy | damage to nerves that control autonomic functions |
Created by:
lcorlew1
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