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NERVOUS SYSTEM-4
chapter 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The nucleus is wrapped in ? | Nuclear envelope/ membrane (double phospholipid bilayer |
| Can RNA exit the nucleus via nuclear pores? | Yes |
| Can DNA exit the nucleus via nuclear pores? | NO |
| Nucleolus | located within the nucleus ( but is not seperated by a membrane). Makes rRNA and assembles subunits of the ribosome |
| Cisternal space= | ER lumen |
| 2 sides of a eukaryotic cell | Cytosol side and ER lumen side |
| Inorder to reach the cytosol--> | membrane must be crossed via paasive or facilliated diffusion, or active transport |
| Inorder to reach the ER lumen--> | Uses endocytosis (doesnt even have to cross membrane) |
| Ribosomes attached to rough ER are on which side? | cytosol side |
| Rough ER | synthesizes all proteins that are not used in the cytosol |
| Proteins made on the Rough ER and pushed into? | ER lumen to be sent to Golgi complex |
| Lysosomes come from | Golgi |
| Smooth ER | site of lipid synthesis ( including steroids) & help detoxify some drugs |
| Cytoskeleton is used to | anchor membrane protein/compartments; move components within cell; move the cell itself |
| What are the 2 types of filaments within the cytoskeleton:: | 1. Microfilaments 2. Micro tubules |
| Microtubules:: | larger, made of hollow tubes( tubulin protein), spiral shape with 13 filaments |
| spiral shape of microtubules are due to | 2 types of tubulin: alpha and beta |
| Flagella and Cilia are made from | microtubules |
| spindle aparatus is made from | microtubules |
| In humans Cilia is found ONLY in | fallopian tubes and respiratory tract |
| Microfilaments | squeeze membrane together in phagocytosis and cytokinesis; AND are the contractile force in microvilli and muscle |
| Major portion of flagella and cillia are | anoxeme (9+2) |
| flagella and Cillia are motored (move) by a protein called | dynein |
| What functions in cillia and flagella production, but not necessary for Microtubule production? | centrioles |
| Microfilaments | smaller; major component is actin; produce contractile force in muscle; active in cytoplasmic streaming, phagocytosis, & microvilli movement |
| Cytoplasmic streaming is responsible for | amoeba- like movement |
| Eukaryotic Flagella = | 9+2 microtubules ; whiplike motion |
| Prokaryotic flagella= | thin strand of single protein --->Flagellin ; rotating motion |
| Tight junction | connect adjacent cells; act as fluid type seal, blocking out ions, water, and other molecules |
| alot of tissues have {Epithelial tissue- bladde, intestines, kidney] | tight junctions |
| Desosomes | act like spot welds; join 2 cells at a single point; attach directly to cytoskeleton; |
| Desosomes DO NOT prevent | fluid from circulating throughout the cell |
| Desosomes are found in | skin or intestinal epithelium |
| _________ found in tissue where alot of stress is found | Desosomes |
| ______ usually accompanies tight junctions | Desosomes |
| Gap junctions | small tunnels connecting cells |
| _____allows small molecules and ions to move between cells | Gap Junctions |
| _____in cardiac muscle allow for spread of action potential from cell to cell | Gap Junctions |
| ____cycle takes place within the mitochondrion | Krebs cycle |
| ______have their own circular DNA that replicates seperate from the eukaryotic cell | Mitochondrion |
| Mitochondrial DNA has no | histones OR nucleosome |
| Mitochondria have their own_____ & ______ that is different from the rest of the cell's | RNA and ribosomes |
| Mitochondria are surrounded in structure by | 2 phospholipid bilayers |
| Inner layer of mitochondria invaginates to form | cristae |
| Where is the ETC of mitochondria located? | in the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| cells that work together for a common purpose | tissue |
| extracellular matrix( stuff that surrounds the cell) in tissue is formed by | elastic and collagen ( both secreted from fibroblasts) |
| Consistency of matrix in blood | liquid |
| Consistenct of matrix in bone | solid |
| Extracellular matrix is formed by | the cell itself |
| Animal cell contains a Carb region analogous to plant cell wall or bacterial cell wall called::: | glycocalyx (made from same material as extracellular matrix) |
| Organs that work together to perform a common function | system |
| Different tissue types work together to form | organs |
| Flagella of bacteria is made from | flagellin (NOT MICROTUBULES) |
| _____ anchors desosomes, making them the strongest junction of the 3 | cytoskeleton |
| Not a membrane bound organelle? | Ribosomes |
| Methods of communication are | neurotransmitters, hormones, local mediators |
| What 3 systems govern communication in the cell | nervous system; paracrine system; endocrine system |
| Neuronal communication tends to be | Rapid; direct; specific |
| hormonal communication tends to be | slower, spread throughout the body, affect many cells and tissues |
| Parracrine system | uses local mediatorsin the interstitial fluid |
| ____ can be amino acid derivatives, proteins, or fatty acids | local mediators |
| ____ is not dependent in insulin to move glucose from blood into the cytoplasm of a cell via facilliated transport | neuron |
| _____receive signals | dendrites |
| _____generate action potentials | axon hillock |
| _____carries an action potential to the synapse | axon |
| Most neurons of the brain are | multipolar |
| neurons that are in Retina, inner ear, olfactory area of the brain | bipolar |
| neurons that are sensory only | unipolar |
| inside cell = negative ; 3 Na+ pumped out (interstitial fluid) and 2 K+ pumped into cell (cytosol) | Resting potential |
| inside cell= positive ; outside cell= negative; Na+ is higher inside cell | Depolarization |
| Inside Cell= more negative; K+ moves out of cell | Repolarization |
| Inside cell= more negative than resting potential; due to pottasium channels being slow to close | Hyperpolarization |
| Na+/K+ pump | used to make the inside of the cell more negative than the outside |
| Accomodation | when threshhold stmulus is reached, but occurs very slowly, action potential may NOT occur |
| Absolute Refractory period | no stimulus will create another action potential once an action potential has begun |
| Relative refractory period | gives the time during which only a VERY large stimulus will create an action potential |
| The slowest part of the process of the nervous system | synapse (impulse going from one cell to another) |
| electrical synapses are uncommon and are ______ than chemical synapses | faster & bidirectional |
| Chemical synapse= | unidirectional |
| chemical synapse is made up of | postsynaptic neuron, presynaptic neuron and a synaptic cleft btwn the 2 |
| _____ is released into the cell when an action potential arrives at the membrane near the synapse | Ca2+ |
| neurotransmitters are released via ______into the synaptic cleft | exocytic process |
| neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft via | Brownian motion |
| receptors may be 1. 2. | 1. ion channels 2. secondary messengers (good for prolonged change) |
| Second message systems are initiated by | G-proteins |
| Myelinated axons are found in | Vertebrates (ONLY) |
| neural cell bodies are what color | gray |
| myelinated cells are what color | white |
| tiny gaps btwn myelin | nodes of ranvier |
| Saltatory conduction | action potential moving from one node of ranvier to the next |
| Aceytlcholinesterase - | degrades acetylcholine |
| SA= sensory (afferent) neurons- | receives signals from environment (most signals are discarded) |
| Sensory neurons are located in what part of the spine | dorsal |
| Interneurons | transfer signals from neuron to neuron ...most neurons in body are interneurons |
| ME= motor (efferent) neurons- | carry signals to a muscle or gland called the effector |
| motor neurons are located in what part of the spine | ventral |
| CNS | brain and spinal cord |
| PNS | everything else |
| Autonomic system= | involuntary and innervate cardiac and smooth muscle and some glands |
| Somatic system= | voluntary and innervates skeletal muscle |
| Autonomic pathways are controlled by which part of the brain? | hypothalamus |
| Acetylcholine is used by | parasympathetic and somatic pathways |
| Epinephrine and norepinephrine are used by | sympathetic nervous system |
| receptors for acetylcholine are called | cholinergic |
| receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine are called | adrenergic |
| CNS uses | interneurons |
| receptors for acetylcholine are called | cholinergic |
| receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine are called | adrenergic |
| Somatic uses what neurons | sensory and motor |
| CNS uses | interneurons |
| Autonomic system is broken down into | 1. Sympathetic and 2. Parasympathetic |
| PNS uses | sensory and motor neurons |
| Sympathetic system = | fight or flight ; HR increases |
| PNS is divided into | somatic and autonomic |
| Parasympathetic system= | rest and digest; HR decreases; |
| Somatic uses what neurons | sensory and motor |
| activates heart and skeletal muscles; dilates pupils for night hunting | Sympathetic system |
| Autonomic uses what neurons | sensory and motor |
| Redirects blood to the intestines and excretory system | parasympathetic system |
| Autonomic system is broken down into | 1. Sympathetic and 2. Parasympathetic |
| Sympathetic system = | fight or flight ; HR increases |
| Parasympathetic system= | rest and digest; HR decreases; |
| activates heart and skeletal muscles; dilates pupils for night hunting | Sympathetic system |
| Redirects blood to the intestines and excretory system | parasympathetic system |
| medulla, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebellum | LOWER brain; subconscious activities like respiratory system, arterial pressure, salvation, emotions, and reaction to pain |
| Cerebrum and Cerebral cortex | HIGHER brain; stores memories and process though |
| THe cerebral cortex CAN NOT function without the lower brain T or F | TRUE |
| light first strikes which part of the eye | cornea |
| Retina( back portion of the eye) contains | rods and cones |
| WHat distinguish colors? | cones |
| colored portion of eye | iris |
| ____ constricts pupil in bright environment | PNS |
| Sound is detected by | cochlea |
| Detect orientation and movement of the head | semicircular canals |
| sound wave detected by cochlea are transfered to ______ to create neural signals sent to the brain | hair cells in organ of corgi |
| Involuntary breathing controlled by | Medulla Oblangata |
| Knee jerk reflex is controlled by | spinal cord |
| Fine muscular movements | cerebellum |
| vasodialation of arteries to kidneys occurs in | Parasympathetic |
| reflex arcs involve | inhibitation and excitation of muscle groups |
| higher level thought processes are controlled by | cerebrum ( cerebral cortex) |
Created by:
zrsoori
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