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Biology Terms - MCAT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Centromere | central region of a chromosome (or chromatid) |
| Centrioles | cylindrical organelles within the centrosome |
| Centrosome | area which serves as a base for spindle formation |
| Chromatin | uncoiled DNA which appears granular |
| Asters | structure of spindle fibers radiating from centrosome |
| Kinetochores | connection point of spindle fiber to centromere on chromosome |
| Binary fission | simple form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes |
| Budding | replication of nucleus with unequal cytokenesis; in yeast and hydra |
| Regeneration | regrowth of a lost or injured body part; replacement by mitosis |
| Parthenogenesis | development of unfertilized egg into an adult organism |
| Gametocytes | specialized cells that undergo meiosis |
| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that code for the same traits; 1 maternal and 1 paternal |
| Synapsis | process of chromosome pair overlapping |
| Tetrad | synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes; four chromatids |
| Crossing over | homologous chromosomes exchange equivalent pieces of DNA |
| Chiasmata | points where crossing over occurs |
| Genetic recombination | result of crossing over; exchange of genetic data |
| Disjunction | separation of homologous chromosomes by chance to daughter cells |
| Alleles | a pool of unique genes coding for alternative forms of a given trait |
| Cleavage | embryonic development through a series of rapid mitotic divisions |
| Determinate cleavage | results in a cell whose future pathways are determined early |
| Indeterminate cleavage | results in cells that maintain the ability to develop into a complete organism |
| Morula | earliest solid ball of embryonic cells in the uterus |
| Blastula | hollow sphere of cells |
| Blastulation | process of the morula developing a fluid-filled cavity called, a blastocoel |
| Blastocoel | fluid-filled cavity in the developing morula |
| Blastocyst | the mammalian blastula |
| Trophoblast | cell layer that surrounds the blastocoel and and gives rise to the chorion |
| Endometrium | mucosal lining of the uterus; prepared by progesterone; location of implantation |
| Gastrula | three-layered structure: ectoderm, endoderm, and archenteron |
| Archenteron | newly formed cavity of the two-layered gastrula; develops into the gut |
| Blastopore | opening of the archenteron |
| Deuterostomes | organisms for which blastopore develops into the anus |
| Protostomes | organisms for which blastopore develops into the mouth |
| Induction | the differentiation of a group of cells by another group (the organizers) |
| Inducers | chemical substances passed by organizers during induction |
| Notochord | rod of mesodermal cells; induces the formation of the neural groove/tube |
| Fetus | the growing embryo (beyond 8 weeks gestation) |
| Placenta | |
| Umbilical chord | connection between fetus and placenta; develops from the allantois and yolk sac |
| Amnion | thin, tough membrane containing amniotic fluid which acts as a shock absorber |
| Chorion | a membrane that completely surrounds the amnion and extends chorionic villi |
| Fetal Hemoglobin | Hb-F; greater affiliation for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin |
| Umbilical vein | carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus |
| Ductus venosus | a shunt that diverts the fetal blood to bypass the liver |
| Foramen ovale | a shunt that delivers blood from the RA to the LA bypassing the pulmonary circuit |
| Ductus arteriosus | a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta |
| Centromere | central region of a chromosome (or chromatid) |
| Centrioles | cylindrical organelles within the centrosome |
| Centrosome | area which serves as a base for spindle formation |
| Chromatin | uncoiled DNA which appears granular |
| Asters | structure of spindle fibers radiating from centrosome |
| Kinetochores | connection point of spindle fiber to centromere on chromosome |
| Binary fission | simple form of asexual reproduction in prokaryotes |
| Budding | replication of nucleus with unequal cytokenesis; in yeast and hydra |
| Regeneration | regrowth of a lost or injured body part; replacement by mitosis |
| Parthenogenesis | development of unfertilized egg into an adult organism |
| Gametocytes | specialized cells that undergo meiosis |
| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that code for the same traits; 1 maternal and 1 paternal |
| Synapsis | process of chromosome pair overlapping |
| Tetrad | synaptic pair of homologous chromosomes; four chromatids |
| Crossing over | homologous chromosomes exchange equivalent pieces of DNA |
| Chiasmata | points where crossing over occurs |
| Genetic recombination | result of crossing over; exchange of genetic data |
| Disjunction | separation of homologous chromosomes by chance to daughter cells |
| Alleles | a pool of unique genes coding for alternative forms of a given trait |
| Cleavage | embryonic development through a series of rapid mitotic divisions |
| Determinate cleavage | results in a cell whose future pathways are determined early |
| Indeterminate cleavage | results in cells that maintain the ability to develop into a complete organism |
| Morula | earliest solid ball of embryonic cells in the uterus |
| Blastula | hollow sphere of cells |
| Blastulation | process of the morula developing a fluid-filled cavity called, a blastocoel |
| Blastocoel | fluid-filled cavity in the developing morula |
| Blastocyst | the mammalian blastula |
| Trophoblast | cell layer that surrounds the blastocoel and and gives rise to the chorion |
| Endometrium | mucosal lining of the uterus; prepared by progesterone; location of implantation |
| Gastrula | three-layered structure: ectoderm, endoderm, and archenteron |
| Archenteron | newly formed cavity of the two-layered gastrula; develops into the gut |
| Blastopore | opening of the archenteron |
| Deuterostomes | organisms for which blastopore develops into the anus |
| Protostomes | organisms for which blastopore develops into the mouth |
| Induction | the differentiation of a group of cells by another group (the organizers) |
| Inducers | chemical substances passed by organizers during induction |
| Notochord | rod of mesodermal cells; induces the formation of the neural groove/tube |
| Fetus | the growing embryo (beyond 8 weeks gestation) |
| Placenta | |
| Umbilical chord | connection between fetus and placenta; develops from the allantois and yolk sac |
| Amnion | thin, tough membrane containing amniotic fluid which acts as a shock absorber |
| Chorion | a membrane that completely surrounds the amnion and extends chorionic villi |
| Fetal Hemoglobin | Hb-F; greater affiliation for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin |
| Umbilical vein | carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus |
| Ductus venosus | a shunt that diverts the fetal blood to bypass the liver |
| Foramen ovale | a shunt that delivers blood from the RA to the LA bypassing the pulmonary circuit |
| Ductus arteriosus | a shunt connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta |
Created by:
stringstrummer22
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