Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
cellular resp.
chapter 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| molecules move away from water; aggregation occurs | hydrophobic |
| molecules dissolves easily in water. | hydrophilic |
| water breaking macromolecules apart | hydrolysis |
| water forming macromolecules | dehydration |
| high solubility in non- polar organic molecules; low solubility in water | lipids |
| 6 major groups of lipids : | 1. fatty acids 2. triacyglycerols 3. phopholipids 4. glycolipids 5. steroids 6. terpenes |
| Building blocks for most BUT not all complex lipids | fatty acids |
| long chain of carbons truncated at one end by carboxylic acid (-COOH) | FATTY ACID |
| max number of carbons in humans | 24 |
| possess only single carbon- carbon bonds | saturated fatty acids |
| possess one or more carbon-carbon double bond | unsaturated fatty acids |
| most fats reach the cell in the form of | fatty acids and NOT triacyglycerols |
| triacyglycerols, phospholipids, and glycolipids are sometimes called | fatty acids |
| sometimes called triglycerides, or fats/oils has a three carbon backbone (glycerol) + 3 fatty acids | Triacyglycerols |
| fx of Triacyglycerols | store energy; thermal insulation & padding |
| fat cells that are specialized with cytoplasm containing Triacyglycerols | Adip[ocytes |
| 2 fatty acids (non polar) + polar phosphate group + glycerol backbone | phospholipids |
| polar head and non polar tail making up phospholipids and glycolipids | amphipathic |
| found in abundance in membranes of myelinated cells composing the nervous system of HUMANS | glycolipids |
| 4 ringed structure. Include hormones, vitamin D and cholesterol | steroids |
| fx of steroid | important membrane component |
| included vitamin A ( vision vitamin) | terpenes |
| inhibitor of the synthesis of prostglandins | Aspirin |
| lipids are transported in the blood via | lipoprotein |
| major classes of lipoprotein | chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL,HDL |
| THE GREATER THE RATIO OF LIPID TO PROTEIN | THE LOWER THE DENSITY OF LIPOPROTEIN |
| 4 major fx of lipids | 1. structural (phospholipid) 2. store energy, provide insulation, paddying (triacyglycerols) 3. regulate metabolic activities (steroids) 4. serve as local hormones (eicosanoids) |
| chain of A.A. linked together by peptide bods | protein aka polypeptides |
| all species have the same | 20 alpha AA |
| Essential AA | humans have 10; body can NOT make these AA |
| Digested AA reach the cell in the form of | as single AA |
| number and sequence of AA | Primary structure |
| Alpha helix / Beta pleated sheets | Secondary structure |
| Parallel beta pleated sheets | two strands of the sheet lie in the SAME direction |
| Anti Parallel beta pleated sheets | two stands of the cell can lie in opposite directions |
| Hydrogen bonding occurs btwn carbonyl oxygen and hydrogen on the AMINE group | Alpha and Beta sheets bonding |
| conformation of protein | Secondary structure |
| T of F .....All proteins have a primary structure, some have a secondary and lager proteins have a tertiary and quantenary | TRUE |
| 3-D shape of a protein made when the peptide chain bends, culrs and folds | tertiary structure |
| 5 forces creatind the tertiary structure & quaternary structure:: | 1. covalent disulfide bonds btwn 2 cycteine AA on diff parts of the chain |
| " " | 2. elecrtostatic ( ionic) interactions mostly btwn acidic and basic side chains |
| " " | 3. hydrogen bonds |
| " " | 4. van der waals interactions |
| " " | 5. hydrophobic side chains pushed way from water ( toward center of the protein) |
| When 2 or more polypeptides chains bind together | Quaternary structure |
| when the conformation of a protein is disrupted | denatured |
| Carbohydrates (sugars/ sacharides) | Carbon + Water C(H2O) |
| Most common Carbs in nature : | pentose and hexose (glucose) |
| Carbs are delivered to the cell in the form of ? | glusoce which is made by the liver and entrocytes |
| 2 forms of the ring form of GLUCOSE | Anomers- 1. Alpha and 2. Beta glucose |
| Carb that has hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon (C-1) and the methoxy group (C-6) on OPPOSITE sides of the carbon ring. | Alpha Glucose |
| Carb that has hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon (C-1) and the methoxy group (C-6) on SAME sides of the carbon ring. | Beta Glucose |
| Animals eat the _____ linkages, but only bacteria can break the ____ linkages. | alpha; beta |
| if the cell has enough ATP, glucose is converted to ... | glycogen or fat cells for storage |
| Glycogen is made from | polymerization of glucose |
| structure of glycogen | branched glucose polymer with branched out alpha linkages |
| glycogen is found in | animal cells, esp. liver and muscle cells |
| T of F liver isone of the few cells that can convert glycogen back into glucose and release it back into the blood stream | TRUE |
| Which organ regulates blood glucose levels | liver |
| _____ & ______ can absorb glucose against a conc. gradient via Secondary Active Transport mechanism down con. gradient of Na+. | epithelial cells in the digestive tract ; epithelial cells in the proximal tubule of the kidney |
| Besides the epithelial cells in the digestive tract and proximal tubule, all other cells absorb glucose via | faciliated diffusion |
| ____ increases the rate of faciliated diffusion for glucose and other monosacharides | insulin |
| What 2 things do plants form from glucose? | 1. starch 2. Cellulose |
| 3 parts of a nucleotide | 1. Five Carbon Sugar 2. Nitrogenous Base 3. Phosphate group |
| sugar (pentose) + nitrogenous base | nuceoside |
| Polymers of nucleotides are: | DNA, RNA, Nucleic Acids, ATP, cAMP, NADH, & FADH2 |
| nucleotides are joined together by : | phosphodiester bonds |
| 2 strands joined together by H- bonds to make a double helix | DNA |
| A and T | form 2 H- bonds |
| G and C | form 3 H-bonds |
| RNA | formed by one strand |
| NADH & FADH2 | coenzymes used in Kreb's cycle |
| Dissolved inorganic ions inside and outside the cell | Minerals |
| Minerals assist in ... | Transport of substances entering and exiting the cell by making a electrochemical gradient across the membrane |
| Minerals can... | combine and solidify to give strength to the matrix ( hydroxyapetite in bone) |
| Minerals act as cofactors by | assisting enzyme of protein function |
| what is the mineral found in heme (prosthetic group of cytochromes) | iron |
| if u see nitrogen think,,, | protein |
| Alpha and Beta linkages in polysasharides (carbs) are hydrolyzed by adding | water |
| T or F ...Enzyme catalysts can be reactants? | false |
| RNA | posseses a hydroxyl group at its 2nd pentose carbon atom |
| Some enzymes can be nucleic acids, but MOST are | GLOBULAR proteins |
| fx of enzyme | act as a catalyst----lowering Activation Energy & increasing rxn rate |
| Enzymes ( catalysts) are NEVER | consumed or permanently altered by any rxn |
| T or F ...Enzymes DO NOT alter the equilibrium of a rxn | TRUE |
| An example of enzyme specifictiy is ... | lock and key theory |
| lock and key theory ....the lock is the ___ and the key is the ___ | lock= active site of the enzyme; key= substrate |
| induced fit model | shape of both the enzyme and substrate are altered upon binding |
| Enzyme saturation kinetics | as conc. of substrate increases, rate of rxn also increases as well , but to a lesser degree untill the Vmax is reached |
| Enzymatic Rxns are affected by : | pH, temp, and substrate conc. |
| Km | good indicator of enzyme's affinity for it's substrate |
| Vmax | proportional to enzyme conc. |
| human body optimal temp... | 37 C |
| T or F.... optimal ph depends of the location of the enxyme | True |
| Pepsin | enzyme in stomach that prefers a pH of 2 |
| Trypsin | enzyme in small intestine that prefers a pH of 6-7 |
| non protein component of enzyme and can be coenzymes or metal ions | cofactor |
| T of F... Many coenzymes are vitamins of their derivatives | TRUE |
| Agents which bind covalently to enzymes and disrupt their fx | Irreversible inhibitors |
| An example of a toxic irreversible inhibitor is | pennicillin |
| Compete with the substrate by binding reversibly with non covalent bonds to the active site, therefore not allowing the substrate to bind for a few sec | Competitive inhibitors |
| Competitive ihibitors ____Vmax and ___Km | do not change; increase |
| Often resemble substrate | competitive inhibitors |
| Bind non covalently to an enzyme at a spot other than the active site and CHANGE the conformation of the enzyme. THEY DO NOT resemble the substrate , so they act on more than one enzyme.. | NON competitive inhibitors |
| T of F ...NON competitive inhibitors do prevent the substrate from binding? | FALSE... they DO NOT prevent |
| T of F... NON competitive inhibitors bind just as readily to enzymes that have a substrate as to those that don't | TRUE |
| NON COMP and COMP inhibitors differ by .. | NON COMP inhibitors CAN NOT be overcome by excess substrate |
| NON COMP inihibitors ___ Vmax and __Km | lower, do not change |
| Modification of the enzyme configuration resulting from the binding of an activator or inhibitor at a specific binding site on the enzyme... | Allosteric interactions/regulation |
| inihbits enzyme activity when a sufficient amount of product has been formed | negative feedback inhibition aka feedback inhibition |
| Feedback inhibiton does not resemble substrate...T or F | TRUE |
| FEEDback inhibition works by... | binding to the substrate and causing a conformational change |
| At LOW substrate conc... | small incr in substrate conc incr enzyme efficiency as well as reaction rate |
| first substrate changes the shape of the enzyme allowing other substrates to bind more easily | positive cooperativity |
| cooperativity inthe presence of the allosteric inihibitor 2,3 BPG | gives the oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin its sigmoidal shape ---Negative Cooperativity |
| suffix -ase , contain nitrogen ( so can be denatured) | ENZYMES |
| Delta G= | change in free energy for a rxn. Is the Diff. btwn reactants and products and is NOT changed by enzymes |
| Decrease temp of a rxn | Decrease rate of rxn |
| Lowering the conc of a substrate will | lower the rate of enzymatic activity if the enzyme is not saturated |
| Adding a non competitive inhibitor will | lower rate of rxn, b/c Vmax is lowered |
| Changing the pH will | increase or decrease rate of enzymatic rxn depending on the optimal pH |
| Comp inhibitors can be overcome by | adding more substrate |
| Glycolysis | takes a 6C sugar and breaks it down to 2 3C molecules ( pyruvate) |
| Products of glycolysis:: | 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADPH |
| Pyruvate | conjugate base of pyruvate acid |
| ATP | ADP + pi + water |
| NADHP | made from the reduction of NAD+ |
| Glycolysis occurs in the _____ of the cell | CYTOSOL |
| Phosphate level phosphorylation in glycolysis | formation of ATP from ADP and pi using the energy released from the decay of high energy phophorylated compounds as opposed to using energy from diffusion |
| glycolysis uses... | 2 ATP...1) glucose --> glucose 6 phosphate 2) Fructose 6 phosphate--> fructose 1,6 biphophate |
| simple table sugar | dissachiride ( glucose + fructose) |
| Fructose & galactose | Monosachirides |
| lactose ( found in milk) | glucose + galactose |
| lactose is broken down in the ... | small intestine |
| Fermentation | anaerobic respiration |
| fermentation makes | lactic acid/ ethanol, NAD+, CO2 as a waste product |
| in fermentation... pyruvate is reduced into | ethanol OR lactic acid |
| in fermentation...NADPH is oxidized back to | NAD+ (which is used again in |
| Yeast produce | ethanol from fermentation |
| Human cells and other microorganisms produce | lactic acid from fermentation |
| Fermentation occurs if... | 1. A cell can not get the energy from NADPH and Pyruvate 2. No oxygen available |
| Aerobic Respiration occurs in the | mitochondrial matrix |
| Is the outer membrane of mitochondria is permeable to small molecules like | NADPH and pyruvate |
| NADPH and pyruvate pass through the outer membrane of the mitochondria via | faciliated diffusion through a large membrane protein called PORIN |
| Inner mitochondiral membrane= | less permeable |
| Pyruvate= converted to ____ in aerobic resp? | acetyl co A |
| Changing pyruvate into acetyl co A will produce | NADPH & CO2 |
| Krebs cycle aka ? | Citric Acid Cycle |
| Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces ... | 1 ATP; 3 NADPH; 1 FADH2 |
| Process of ATP production in Krebs Cycle= | substrate level phosphorylation |
| During the Kreb's cycle, 2 C are lost as? | CO2 |
| What is reproduced in the Krebs cycle to start the cycle over again? | oxalacetate |
| Where are AA deaminated? | in the liver to make pyruvic acid or acetyl coA |
| Aerobic Respiration makes ____ ATP, including glycolysis | 36 |
| 1 NADPH brings back ____ ATP | 2 or 3 |
| 1 FADH2 brings back ___ ATP | 2 |
| one glucose makes ____ turns of the kreb's cycle | 2 |
| fatty acids and amino acids can be catabolized for energy via | Krebs cycle |
| A series of proteins, including cytochrome with HEME, in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. | ETC |
| ETC | oxidizes NADPH, water is the final electron acceptor |
| in ETC, establishes a proton gradient from NADPH, which propels protons thru ATP Synthase to make ATP | Proton Motive Force |
| T or F...Intermembrane has a lower pH than the matrix | TRUE |
| Oxidative phosporylation | production of ATP from ETC through proton gradient; occurs in the mitochondria of the cell. In this process electrons are transferred from the oxidation of NADH+H+, and FADH2 to molecules of O2. This process requires O2 and is termed aeribic respiration. |
| Substrate level phosphoylation | production of ATP through glycolysis ( cytosol) & Krebs cycle (mitochondrial matrix) ; t removes a phosphate directly from a substrate and transfers it to ADP. This is accomplished anaerobically. |
| A KEY difference btwn Oxidative phosphorylation and Substrate level phosphorylation ... | Oxidative phosphorylation uses an electrochemical or chemiosmotic gradient of protons (H+) across the inner mitochondrial membrane to generate ATP from ADP |
| Respiration: is a combustion rxn | C6 H12 O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O |
| Net ATP of fermentation = | 2 ATP...which comes form glycolysis |
| ATP synthase | occurs part of ETC in the innner mitochondrial memebrane |
Created by:
zrsoori
Popular DAT sets