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Women History Terms
Definitions of key events in Women's Civil Rights. A level OCR history.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Seneca Falls convention (1848) | Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton founded the Women's rights convention. Rhetoric similar to the Declaration of Independence was used, but some women distanced themselves after facing backlash. |
| American Equal Rights Association founded (1866) | Founded by Lucretia Mott. Aimed to remove restrictions on rights on both racial and gender grounds. |
| National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) set up (1869) | Established by Elizabeth Stanton and Susan Anthony. Aggressively fought for a federal constitutional amendment allowing women to vote. |
| American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) set up (1869) | Set up by Lucy Stone. Advocated for the African American right to vote, and for women at state level. |
| First state to give female suffrage (1869) | Wyoming. |
| Comstock laws (1873) | Made it illegal to send contraceptive items by mail, or prescribe or provide advice on birth control. |
| Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) set up (1874) | Founded by Anthony and Stanton to promote suffrage but also combat drinking by taking to the streets and protesting saloons and liquor stores. Had 7,000 branches by 1900. |
| Virginia Minor v. Missouri (1875) | Ruled that women were not allowed national voting rights, but states could give women the right to vote. |
| National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) set up (1890) | AWSA and NAWSA merged, but NAWSA only had 17,000 members by 1905. |
| Daughters of the American Revolution set up (1890) | Anti-feminist and aimed to root out un-Americanism. |
| Populist party founded (1891) | Represented disconnected farmers and gained around 10% of the vote in the 1890s. A known leader was Elizabeth Lease, who opposed big business. |
| National Association of Colored Women (NACW) set up (1896) | Focus was on the right to vote as well as campaigning to stop discrimination and lynching. Ida B Wells was a key member of the organisation. |
| National Consumers' League (NCL) set up (1899) | Pressured for improved wages of female sale clerks; legislation improving working conditions; aid to mothers and improved aimed to children. |
| Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) set up (1903) | Encouraged and supported women to organise themselves into unions. Opposed sweatshop working conditions. |
| National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage set up (1911) | Supported by a journal called The Remonstrance. Saw suffrage as undermining the special place and respect for women in their work in the home. |
| Triangle Shirtwaist factory fire (1911) | A factory mainly run by immigrant women in New York had a large fire resulting in 146 deaths. Drove WTUL to campaign for better working conditions. |
| Muller v. Oregon (1912) | Declared that a state's law regulating female working hours was legal. |
| Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage set up (1913) | Formed by Alice Paul and Lucy Burns. More militant and often had huge rallies, picketing the White House daily. |
| First birth control clinic in New York opened (1916) | Closed down by the police. First legal clinic established in 1923 with funding from Rockefeller. |
| 18th Amendment (1917) | Prohibited the sale, import and manufacture of alcohol. Significantly influenced by women's groups. Repealed in 1933. |
| 19th Amendment (1920) | Granted suffrage to all U.S. born Americans over 21. Women did not enthusiastically start voting. |
| Wisconsin passes equal rights legislation (1921) | Only state to pass this legislation. Law stated equality "In the exercise of suffrage and in all other aspects." |
| American Birth Control League (ABCL) set up (1921) | Gained legal recognition in 1923. Set up to improve education and lectures on birth control. |
| Women's Organisation for National Prohibition Reform set up (1929) | Set up by Pauline Sabin, who was from a wealthy, political family. Initially a supporter of prohibition, she did not see it meet the WCTU's aims. |
| Frances Perkins appointed Secretary of Labor (1933) | First female member of the Cabinet. Negative reaction from businessmen, labour unionists and politicians. |
| 'Common sense book of baby and child care' published by Dr Benjamin Spock (1946) | Emphasised the important role of mothers in the home. Sold over 23 million copies. |
| 'The feminine mystique' published by Betty Friedan (1963) | Referred to suburban homes as 'comfortable concentration camps'. Challenged existing social attitudes and inspired new and more extreme feminist movements. |
| 'Report on the American women' published (1963) | Commissioned by JFK. Led to the Equal Pay Act, while also promoting special training of young women for marriage and motherhood. |
| Equal Pay Act (1963) | Prohibited discrimination based on sex for the payment of wages. |
| Civil Rights Act (1964) | Outlawed discrimination on the basis of race, colour and sex. |
| Griswold v. Connecticut (1966) | Established the right of married couples to use contraception. |
| National Organisation for Women (NOW) set up (1966) | Founded by Betty Friedan and other activists. Focused on lobbying, legal challenges, involvement in civil rights protests and the use of the media. Became focused on passing the ERA, and legalising abortion. |
| 'Sexual politics' published by Kate Millett (1971) | Asserted that the patriarchy is a social construct, rather than a biologically established system. |
| National Women's Political Caucus set up (1971) | Encouraged and prepared women to stand for election. Number of women standing for election doubled between 1974 and 1994. |
| 'MS' first published (1972) | Feminist magazine. Promoted feminist ideals and tackled issues such as rape, domestic violence and sexual harassment. |
| Equal Employment Opportunity Act (1972) | Addressed employment discrimination and established a commission to punish companies violating the 1964 Act. |
| ERA passed by Congress (1972) | Sent to state legislatures for ratification. Most of the goals had already been achieved by the 1964 Civil Rights Act and 1972 EEO Act. |
| Phyllis Schlafly established the national committee to stop ERA (1972) | Argued that protections for women (such as exemption from the draft) would be removed. Schlafly prevented the ERA from being ratified in her home state of Illinois. |
| Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972) | Established the right of unmarried couples to use contraception. |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | Legalised abortion on a federal level. |
| National Right to Life Committee set up (1973) | Set up in response to Roe v. Wade, in order to secure the right of the unborn child. Non-sectarian, with representatives in all 50 states. |
| Coalition of Labour Union Women (CLUW) set up (1974) | Aims included affirmative action in the workplace, organising more women into trade unions and increasing the participation of women in the democratic process. |
| Timescale for ERA ratification ends (1982) | ERA was ratified by 35 states, 3 short of the required number. Interest had waned and it was not extended. |
Created by:
Charlie_M
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