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APUSH Review
Key Historical Events and Terms from Period 1-9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Maize | a nutritious crop from New America that supported economic development, the settlement of peoples, advanced irrigation, and social diversification. |
| Reasons for European exploration | Population increase Political unification Desire for luxury goods |
| Columbian Exchange | the transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe and the Americas. |
| Shift from feudalism to mercantilism (define both systems) | Feudalism- peasants working on noble's land for protection Mercantilism- focused on growing a nation's wealth |
| Conquistadors | Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century. |
| Encomienda System | Leading men were given a portion of land and all the Natives living on that land became the labor force |
| Why did the enslavement of Natives not work? | - many were dying of diseases - they would easily run away since they knew the land |
| Bartolome de las Casas | a Spanish priest that argued against the harsh treatment of the Natives |
| Indentured Servitude | people who couldn't afford the passage to America signed a labor contract. |
| Bacon's Rebellion and importance | - a group of poor farmers and indentured servants that attacked the Natives then the governor - plantation owners became afraid of servants, so they opted for slaves |
| New England | Lumbar and fishing drove the economy. Migrated as families. TOWN HALL MEETINGS |
| Middle Colonies | economy based on cereal crop. Rich soil and good for farming |
| British West Indies/Southern Atlantic Coast | sugar cane, had the most amount of slaves. |
| Salutary Neglect | Britain was too far away, so it let the colonists do whatever they wanted |
| House of Burgesses | a representative assembly which could levy taxes on the population and pass laws |
| Navigation Acts | required merchants to engage in trade with English colonies exclusively in English ships. |
| King Phillip's War/ Metacom's War (1675) | A group of allied Natives attacked the British colonists. The English then called their allies that killed Metacom |
| Stono Rebellion | enslaved men stol weapons, then killed their owners and then more slaves joined them in the destruction, until a militia stopped them. |
| Enlightenment | emphasized rational thinking over tradition and religious revolution. Logic over heart |
| John Locke | Natural Rights- the idea that human beings, by virtue of existing, had rights to life, liberty, and property given to them by a creator. |
| The Great Awakening | a great religious revival, generated an intense Christian devotion. Heart over logic |
| Sugar Act (1764) | imposed taxes on coffee, wine, and various luxury items. Also enforced the existing takes on molasses. |
| Stamp Act (1764) | a tax on all paper items produced in the colonies |
| Stamp Act Congress (1765) | Goal was to petition the Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act because taxation without representation amounted to tyranny |
| Declaratory Act (1766) | Parliament had the right to pass whatever law they wanted in the colonies |
| Townshend Act (1767) | Levied taxes on items like paper, tea, and glass. The colonists erupted into highly organized protests to boycott these goods. |
| Boston Massacre (1770) | Tension built up when a gun fired, which led the British soldiers to shoot into the crowd of colonists. They shot 11 colonists and killed 4. |
| Tea Act/ Boston Tea Party (1773) | the act taxed tea. 50 members of the Sons of LIberty dumped 45 tons of tea into the Boston Harbor. |
| Intolerable Acts (1774) | Coercive Acts: closed the Boston Harbor until all of the lost tea was paid for. Quartering Act: allowed for the British military official to demand better accommodations |
| French and Indian War (The Seven Years' War) (1754) | The British American colonists were steadily encroaching on land in the Ohio River Valley that the French laid claim to. Tt was the French and Indians against the British. Brits won and forced the French to leave. |
| Albany Congress | delegates from several of the British colonies met to discuss a more organized colonial response to frontier defense, trade, and westward expansion. |
| Peace of Paris (1763) | Spain gave Florida to the British. France left North America and gave control to the Spanish west of the Mississippi. All of the land east of the Mississippi was given to the British |
| Proclamation of 1763 | forbade colonists from migrating west across the Appalachian mountains and taking land in the Ohio River Valley. |
| Continental Congress (1774) | delegates from the colonies deliberated about what the colonists ought to do regarding Britain's increasing legislative tyranny. They all agreed that the colonies needed to resist further violations of their liberty at the hands of Parliament. |
| Second Continental Congress (1776) | a formal resolution for independence was put on the floor |
| Battle of Saratoga (1777) | a colonists win that allowed Benjamin Franklin to convince the French and Spanish to ally with the colonists |
| Battle of Yorktown (1781) | The Continental Army forced the surrender of the British |
| Treaty of Paris (1783) | Officially ended the war. Britain recognizes the colonists as and independent country. |
| Republican Motherhood | women were vital to a healthy democracy and needed to be educated in order to raise sons well schooled in republican principles |
| The Articles of Confederation (1781) | largely focused power in the legislative branch, no executive branch because they wanted to avoid the consolidation of power to one person. |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | abolished slavery in the Northwest Territory |
| Shays Rebellion (1786) significance | showed the weakness of the AoC. A national army was need to help diffuse the situation, but there was none there. |
| Great Compromise | a bicameral legislature. The HOuse of Reps: represents the states by population The senate represents each state equally by giving each state two votes. |
| The Federalists Papers | Hamilton, Madison, and John jay anonymously published essays explaining the Constitution and why it's needed. |
| Bill of Rights | enumerated individual rights and made provision to protect individuals and states from the overreach of federal power. |
| Hamilton's Financial Plan | the creation of a national bank and the assumption of state debt to create a national debt |
| Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) | declared the nation neutral to the conflict in Europe despite receiving French aid in the revolution |
| Jay's Treaty | British agrees to give up its posts on the Western frontier of the American territory |
| Pinckney Treaty | Spain let Americans use NOLA port for trade and agreed the the Southern border of the US would fall along the 31st parallel |
| Battle of Fallen Timbers | Americans fought the Indians for land. The Native surrender of all land in the Ohio RIver Valley |
| Whiskey Rebellion (1794) | Poor farmers, that loved their whiskey, attacked the tax collectors instead of paying them. Proved that the Constitution worked. |
| Washington's Farwell Address | Warned against the dangerous of factions and political parties, and the dangers of foreign affairs |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | alien: makes it possible for the government to imprison or deport and non-citizen. sedition: made it illegal to criticize the government publicly. |
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | the states had a right to nullify andy law passed by the federal government if it went beyond the powers explicitly granted to it by the Constitution |
| Federalist v. Democratic-Republicans (Hamilton) (Jefferson) | f: a powerful and vigorous central gov d-r: more limited central gov, favored the ideal of agrarianism |
| Evolution/Revolution of 1800 | Jefferson wins the election. One of the few times in history where pwoer was transfeered peacefuly between rival parties |
| Louisiana Purchase (1803) | included access to the valuable trade waterway, the Mississippi River. Bought from Napoleon fro $15 million. Jefferson's justification was all the land gave them more opportunities to move westward. |
| Embargo Act of 1807 | closed U.S. ports to all exports and restricted imports from Britain. Severely damaged the economy, |
| Midnight Judges and the Judiciary Act | After the Judiciary Act allowed 16 new openings for federal judges. John Adams packed the court full of federalists before he left office. |
| Marbury v. Madison (1803) | Chief of Justice said that Marbury was right, but the law was unconstitutional. Created judicial review and it increase the power of the federal Supreme Court. |
| McCullough v. Maryland (1819) | National law trumps state law whenever the two contradict. |
| War of 1812 | Causes: british impressment of American citizens, trade issues, and the British sent aid to Natives to fight the Americans Effects: established the border between the US and Canada and settled the Oregon territory dispute. |
| Henry Clay's American System | - federally funded internal improvements - federal tariffs - second bank of the United States |
| Missouri Compromise/Compromise of 1820 | Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, while Maine would become a free state to maintain a balanced house. Establishes the 36th parallel as the boundary for slave & fress states. |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | made the selling of Florida official and formally defined the border between the US territory and the Spanish holding in the west. |
| Monroe Doctrine (1823) | the lands and nations in the Western Hemisphere are to be protected from Eastern influences by the United States. |
| National /Cumberland Road | connected Maryland to Illinois, stretching for a thousand miles. |
| Erie Canal (1825) | gave access to the rich land and resources west of the Appalachians and made New York the preeminent commercial city in the United States |
| Steamboat | increased efficiency of trade |
| Railroads (1820s-1830s) | largely replaced canals as the main technology linking regions for trade and manufacture. Governments granted special loans and tax breaks to rr companies. |
| Interchangeable parts- Eli Whitney | pieces that were made in bulk so that you could assemble them if any of the pieces failed. |
| Factory system | manufactured goods could now be a mass-produced by unskilled laborers |
| Cotton Gin | significantly sped up the process of separating cotton seeds from cotton. Eli Whitney created this to give less reason to hold slaves |
| Which two nationalities were migrating to the US in the early 1800s and why? | Irish- immigrated in response to the Irish Potato Famine Germans- many were looking for good farm land |
| Nativism | a set of beliefs favoring the interests of established inhabitants against those of immigrants. |
| Temperance | moderation in alcohol consumption |
| Cult of Domesticity | a woman's identity and purpose was to have babies, raise them, and provide a home that was a haven of rest to her husband. |
| Lowell Factory (Mills) | working six days a week for exceedingly low wages for 12 or 13 hours a day. Lowell factory closely supervised the workers and effectively controlled every aspect of their life. |
| Panic of 1819 | Caused by the decreased demand for US exports like cotton, the BUS tightening up their lending policies, and unemployment rates. |
| Democrats v. Whigs (Jackson) (Henry Clay) | D: limited power in federal gov, free and local trad W: vigorous and involved central gov, national bank, protective tariffs, federally funded improvements. |
| Tariff of 1828(Tariff of Abominations) and the Nullification Crisis | Tariff: JQA raised duties on imports by 35-45%. John C. Calhoun argued that if a state judged a federal law to be unconstitutional, that they state could nullify it. This pissed off jackson and he signed the Force Bill |
| Force Bill | Gave Jackson the authority to respond to SC's insolence with military action |
| Worcester v. Georgia (1830) | Supreme Court case in response to the Indian Removal Act, stated that Georgia had no right to impose state laws within Cherokee boundaries because those lands had federal protection |
| Trail of Tears (1838) | the forced displacement of Natives living in the Eastern United States to areas like Oklahoma. About 15,000 died on the trip |
| How did the enslaved peoples maintain and develop their own cultures? | Many continued to use their African names, kept their languages, passed down folktale, some combined their religions with Christianity |
| Nat Turner's Rebellion (1831) | Turner believed that he was chosen for a mission. He and his followers killed their masters and 57 white men in total. |
| Manifest Destiny (1845) | to possess the whole continent from coast to coast because God gave them the destiny |
| California Gold Rush (1948-1949) | gold was found in California as well as Colorado, the Dakotas, and Nevada. A lot of people are going to move out west in the search for gold. |
| Preemption Acts (1830s&1840s) | made vast tracts of land available for cheap to anyone who wanted to buy it, set up a homestead and get to farming it. |
| Mexican requirements for Americans to live in Texas | - must convert to Roman Catholicism - Outlawed slavery |
| Causes of the Mexican-American War | a) annexation of Texas b) John Slidell asked the Mexican government to sell more land to the US and was told to settle the location of the southern border of Mexico. US-Rio Grande Mexico- Nueces |
| Which Specific event led to the declaration of war? | General Zachary Taylor & troops went to the Rio Grande where Mexican troops met them. American soldiers died, enraging Polk that they were attacked on American soil |
| Treaty of Guadalupe HIdalgo (1848) | establishes the Rio Grande as the Southern border of Texas. Outlined the Mexican Cession. |
| Mexican Cession | Mexico sold New Mexico and California for $15 million |
| Gasden Purchase (1853) | Southern part of modern day Arizona and a little bit of modern day New Mexico. All in total, Mexico lost 1/2 of its territory to the United States. |
| Wilmot Proviso (1846) | proposed by David Wilmot, that any lands gained from victory in the Mexican-American war be off limits to the expansion of slavery. Highlights the growing tension over the slavery question. |
| Free Soilers | wanted to acquire additional land for homesteaders to settle on without competition from the system of slavery. Didn't think that slavery was immoral |
| Compromise of 1850 | - Utah and New Mexico: each state would decide the slavery question by popular sovereignty -California: to be admitted as a free state - Washington D.C. : slave trade would be banned - Stricter Fugitive Slave Law |
| William Lloyd Garrison/The Liberator(1831) | an extremely influential newspaper in the abolitionist community. Garrison was radical for his time period and the abolitionists. |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe/Uncle Tom's Cabin(1852) | a depiction of the dehumanization and brutality of slavery. Northerns saw the evil that slaveholders perpetrated on their slaves. Southerners were outrage and attempted to ban it. |
| Fredrick Douglass | an escaped slave himself, Douglass performed speeches and wove together rhetorical choices like no other. |
| Underground Railroad | a series of trails and safehouses by which enslaved in the South could find safe passage to the North. Some even traveled to Canada to escape the Fugitive Slave law. |
| John Brown/Harper's Ferry (1839) | Brown believed that the only way for the US to be freed from slavery was by means of a slave uprising. A raid on the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, VA in order to steal weapons, distribute to the slaves, and ignite an armed rebellion. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 | Territories were clearly above the 36th parallel. It was proposed that the territory be divided into two and they would decide whether to allow slavery or not in these territories. |
| Bleeding Kansas | The people fought in order to gain control of the territory. Went on and off for several years. |
| Dredd Scott Decision of 1857 | Argument: by virtue of living in free territory for two years, he was indeed free Conclusion: slavery would be able to be present in any state or territory in the Union |
| Democrats v. Republicans | D; a regional, proslavery party R: composed of abolitionists, free soilers, and former Know Nothings and Conscience Whigs |
| Secession and who was the first state to secede | South Carolina was the first in December of 1860. Fl, Al, Ga, Tx, Ms, La, Va, Ar, Tn, and NC followed behind. |
| Advantages in the Civil War | S: fought a defensive war, possessed far greater and more experienced military leaders N: 4x the population, possessed a robust navy, well established gov |
| Opposition in the Civil War | S: mainly relied on tariffs and many states refused to fund the centralized effort. N: the draft was seen as a way for the poor man to fight the rich man's war |
| Fort Sumter (1861) | SC cut off supply lines to the fort coming in form the North. Rather than fighting, Lincoln sent provisions. SC blew up the provisions. |
| First Battle of Bull Run (1861) | Union troops marched to confront Confederate troops at Bull Run Creek, VA. Union was winning until Stonewall Jackson pulled up. |
| Emancipation Proclamation (1862) | Lincoln "freed" all enslaved people beginning on January 1, 1863. He only freed slaves in the Confederate states. |
| Battle of Vicksburg (1863) | Union gained control of Mississippi, meant that the plan of cutting the confederacy in half had been accomplished (Anaconda Plan) |
| March to the Sea (1864) | a march from Atlanta to Savannah, William Sherman destroyed railroads and burned crops and land making it near impossible for the South to recover. |
| Appomattox/Court House (April 6, 1865) | General Lee formally surrendered to Grant and the war was over. |
| Homestead Act (1861) | promoted settlement of Great Plains by offering 160 acres of free land to any person or family that farmed the land for five years. |
| Morrill Land Grant (1862) | encouraged states to use the sale of federal land grants to maintain agricultural and technical colleges. |
| Pacific Railway Act (1862) | authorized the building of a transcontinental railroad over a northern route in order to limit the economics of CA and the wester territories with the eastern states. |
| Lincoln's view toward Reconstruction | treating the Southerners harshly would only make tensions worse. Also got the 13th amendment ratified guaranteeing the end of slavery. |
| Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan | stood by the former slave owners and recreated conditions in the South similar to before the war. |
| Black Codes | restricted the freedom of Southern blacks and forced them to work for low wages. |
| Freedman's Bureau | an agency set up to help newly freed black people to get on their feet. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | protected citizenship of black folks and gave them equal protection under the laws. |
| 14th Amendment | all persons who were born or nationalized in the US were citizens of the US. Every citizen enjoyed equal protection of the laws on the state level. |
| 15th Amendment | grants voting rights to the newly freed black population of the South |
| Sharecropping | land owners provided seed and farm supplies to the worker in exchange for a share of the harvest |
| Ku Klux Klan (1867) | founded on the principle that the white race is superior to the black race |
| Compromise of 1877 | democrats agreed to conceded the election to Hayes, but in exchange, all federal troops had to be removed from the South. As the troops left, the Democrats came to dominate again and created an even bleaker reality for the black population. |
| National Grange Movement/Granger Laws (1875) Munn v. Illinois (1877) | pushed midwestern states to pass laws regulating railroad rates for carrying freight and made abusive corporate practices that were hurting farmers illegal |
| Mechanization | farming was a task done more and more with machines. This allowed farmers to plant way more crops and small farmers could no longer compete with giant industrial farmers. |
| Interstate Commerce Act of 1866 | required railroad rates to be reasonable and just and established a federal agency to enforce said reasonableness and justice. |
| Pacific Railroads Act (1862) | the federal government granted huge pieces of land to railroad companies who would then build a transcontinental railroad |
| What year was the first transcontinental railroad completed? | 1869 |
| What year did the U.S. Census Bureau declare that the frontier was officially settled? | 1890 |
| Reservation System | Indian populations were assigned to live on tracts of land called "reservations" with strict boundaries |
| Sioux Wars (1854-1891) and effects | the Sioux defeated an entire U.S. Army. Federal government made more treaties with Indians trying to restrict them to smaller reservations |
| Indian Appropriation Act (1871) | officially ended federal recognition of the sovereignty of Indian nations, and nullified all previous treaties made with them |
| Dawes Act (1887) | the federal government officially abandoned the reservation system and divided reservation lands into 160 acres pltos to be farmed by the Indians. Allowed them to become citizens on the condition that they assimilated to American culture |
| Wounded Knee (1890) | The US army was attempting to disarm a group of Lakota Indians when an old man rose up to perform the Ghost Dance and a gun suddenly went off.In the end, the Army killed >200 med, women, and children. |
| "New South"/ Henry Grady | based on economic diversity, industrial growth, and lassiez-faire capitalism |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) | Racial segregation was deemed constitutional as long as separate facilities are in equal in kind and quality. "Seperate by equal. |
| Jim Crow laws | segregated nearly every facet of society. Bathrooms, public transportation, and any public facility that could be segregated was. |
| Booker T. Wasington | argued that black people needed to become self-sufficient economically and that would lead to power in the voting booth |
| Railroads | created a national market for sales, which had the effect of opening up mass production and mass consumption |
| Samuel Morse | invented the telegraph in 1844, but expanded in the Gilded Age |
| Transatlantic Cable | connected America to Europe. Created an international market for basic goods. |
| Alexander Graham Bell (1876) | invented the telephone and by the end of 1880, ~50,000 telephones in America |
| Small businesses in the Gilded Age | became obsolete and defunct as large corporations and trusts dominated entire industries |
| John D. Rockefeller/Standard Oil | byt the late 1880s, STandard Oil controlled almost 90% of the oil industry |
| Andrew Carnegie/Carnegie Steel | Carnegie bought up companies that handled all parts of steel production from mining companies to processing companies to distribution |
| Horizontal integration v. Vertical integration | H: one company eventually buys out all of its competitors until there is effectively no competition left V: when a company acquires all the complementary industries that support its business |
| Laissez-faire government policies | there was no government intervention or regulation over business practices |
| Sources of labor | Women, immigrants, and children were employed in factories because they could be underpaid |
| Social Darwinism | strong companies should eat weak companies, as is the way of nature. The world's wealth would be concentrated into the hands of those who were deemed fit. |
| Gospel of Weatlh | An essay by Andrew Carnegie that called to the wealth that it was their duty from God to invest their wealth back into society through generous acts of philanthropy. |
| Effects of Panics of 1873/1893 | the working class' wages dropped precipitously |
| Great Railroad Strike of 1877 | railroad companies cut wages to save money during a recession. Workers went on a protest that spread to 11 states and shut down >60% of the nation's railroads. The president sent federal troops to the scene and by the end, 100> people were dead. |
| Pullman Strike (1894) | Pullman cut wages of his workers , then fired them for complaining. He then hooked up the cars to federal mail which then became a federal issue. The governments stepped in and jailed the strike leaders. |
| Knights of Labor (1881) | allowed anyone to join, included blacks and women. Had >700,000 members. Goal was the destruction of trusts and monopolies, and to abolish child labor. |
| Haymarket Square Riot (1886) | many members of KoL gathered to celebrate the May Day Labor movement. They protested peacefully for an right-hour workday. At one point, a bomb exploded. This caused a decline in membership for the KoL |
| American Federation of Labor | An association of craft workers led by Samuel Gompers. Focused on union issues like wages, hours, working conditions and opposed reforms like breaking up trusts and monopolies. |
| White collar workers | kept the day-to-day operations of the company going. Women were included as clerical roles and eductors |
| Leisure time activities | formed by disposable income from the middle class. Coney island/amusement parks, circuses, and sports. Baseball will become wildly popular. |
| Henry George/single tax | thought that the rich would need to be taxed more to even the playing field. |
| Socialism | all the means of production in a society should be owned and regulated by the community and benefit everyone more or less |
| Social Gospel | believed that Christian principles ought to be applied not just to oneself, but to cure the ills of society as well |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton/Susan B. Anthony/NAWSA (1890) | worked to secure the franchise for women. wanted suffrage |
| Women's Christian Temperance Union (1874) | they crusaded for total abstinence from alcohol. Had 500,000 membery by 1898 |
| Anti-Saloon League (1893) | worked for unification of public anti-alcohol sentiment |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | argued that white Anglo-Saxon Americans were committing "race suicide" by allowing so many members of "inferior races" to intermingle with pure-blood Americans |
| Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 | banned any further Chinese immigration to the US. THis is the only law to target a specific nationality to be excluded from immigration |
| Jane Addams/Hull House (1889) | purpose were to help immigrants better assimilate to American society and to better economic and social opportunities |
| Ethnic Enclaves | where immigrants from the same culture found a sense of solidarity with one another and re-established some of their cultural institutions |
| Exoduster Movement(late 1870s) | a mass migration of Southern black people into the west. ~40,000 black southerners abandoned the South and migrated to KS mainly, but also OK and Co. Organizations such as the Colorado Relief Board and the Kansas Freedman's Aid Society helped. |
| Panic of 1893 | President Cleveland did nothing to alleviate the economic disaster for many Americans that ended up standing in bread lines to feed themselves. |
| Interstate Commerce Commission (1886) | states couldn't regulate railroads, but it was underfunded and therefore had no real power |
| Purchase of Alaska/Seward's Folly (1867) | Secretary of State, William Seward, negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. It would be later found that there were vast amounts of resources, such as gold, in the territory. |
| Whiskey Ring Scandal (1875) | a ring of distillers and federal official |
| James Garfield death significance (1881) | this is going to end the spoils system because his assassinator expected a job from Garfield because he was a suck up |
| Pendleton Act (1881) | replaced the patronage system with a competitive exam. Petered out due to a shift in philosophy in ohw partiers were funded. |
| Annexation of Hawaii (1891) | In Hawaii, foreign entrepreneurs, fearing Queen Lili’uokalani’s plan to restore the kingdom to indigenous Hawaiians, staged a revolt by declaring Hawaii a republic and seeking annexation by the US. American Marines invaded, Lili’uokalani surrendered |
| Open Door Policy (1899) | advocated for equal trading rights in all the ports in China, which were being rapidly consumed by European Powers. Not a formal agreement, the european nations acknowledged it. |
| Populist Party | sought to work for the people and correct the gross concentration of economic power held by the elite banks and trusts |
| Omaha Platform | direct election of senators, allow the people to propose and vote on legislation, graduated income tax, eight-hour work day |
| Political machines/Tammany Hall | groups of folks who knew how to secure votes for their parties. ORganized the needs of businesses, immigrants, and the poor so that everyone in the community flourished. Used the help as leverage to get them to vote. |
| Imperialism | the expansion of one country's political, economic, and military influence |
| Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine and it's significance | US battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor. Yellow journalists claimed it was ignited by the Spanish because of the resentment of U.S. interference in the region. It was actually accidental and McKinley issued an ultimatum to Spain. |
| Cuban Independence/Platt Amendment | allowed the US to interfere militarily in Cuba if American economic interests were threatened. Made it difficult for the new Cuban government to conduct its own foreign policy. |
| Treaty of Paris (1898) | concluded the Spanish-American war and the annexation of Guam and Puerto Rico. G have the US further access to the Pacific, while PR was an outlet for excess manufactured goods. |
| Annexation of Philippines | ceded to the US for $20 million . America initially allied with the Filipinos to overthrow the Spanish, but then the locals realized it would be one imperial power for another. |
| Muckrackers | a new breed of investigative journalists that sought to expose American corruption |
| Upton Sinclair Ida Tarbell Jacob Riis | The Jungle, exposed the unsanitary conditions of the meat packing industry an expose on the Standard Oil Company exposed the unsanitary and disease ridden tenements |
| 17th amendment/Direct Election of Senators (1913) | fixed it so that the senators were there to represent the people, not big business |
| 18th amendment (1919) | established American Prohibition. Forbade the manufacturing and sale of alcohol |
| W.E.B. DuBois/ Niagara Movement | a group of black intellectuals that met frequently to plan protests and acts that would secure rights for the black population. |
| NAACP | initial goals were to abolish all forms of segregation and to expand educational opportunities for black children |
| Trustbuster/Sherman Antitrust Act | broke up monopolistic businesses, but no indiscriminate in this endeavor |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | assured consumers that their food didn't have any hidden ingredients |
| Meat Inspection Act | assured consumers that meat packing plants would confirm to a minimum standard of sanitization |
| Forest Reserve Act (1891) | reserved 150 million acres of unspoiled land |
| Sussex Pledge and Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | a declaration by Germany resulting in a changed naval policy, States that u-boats could no longer target passenger ships. The germans sunk all ships that entered the warzone. |
| Zimmerman Telegram | a note sent to be Mexico by Germany which solicited them to start a war with the US. They promised to help them regain their land lost in the Mexican Cession. |
| Why did Congress refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles? | The League of Nations made them fear that membership in such a body would drag the U.S. into war without congressional approval. |
| Total War | when a country mobilizes much of its economic, industrial, and social resources in order to win |
| Espionage Act (1917) | sought to crackdown on wartime activities considered dangerous or disloyal |
| Sedition Act (1918) | made it a crime to speak out against the U.S. governments, the flag, the Constitution, and the military |
| Schenk v. United States | Schenk wrote pamphlets urging men to resist the draft and was arrested for espionage. The court upheld this restriction of civil liberties. "Can't yell 'fire' in a crowded theater." |
| The Red Scare/The Palmer Raids | the fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life. The mass arrest of suspected socialists, radicals, labor union leaders, and others. |
| Emergency Quota Act of 1921 | restricted the number of immigrants admitted from any country annually to 3% of the number of residents from the same country living in the U.S. |
| National Origins Act of 1924 | a discriminatory and ethnocentric policy that reduced overall immigration to the U.S. and established quotas on immigration from Western and SOuthern European countries, as well as Asian countries, |
| The Great Migration | huge portions of the southern black population migrated to the urban industrial centers of the North. Moved to escape the oppressive southern society and better paying factory jobs. |
| Ford's Assembly Line | each worker would perform the same task on each part of the product. This would allow goods to be produced quicker and led to a decrease in price for mass-produced goods. |
| Flappers | a group of women who "threw off" conventional beauty standards during the Roaring 20s by cutting their hair short, smoking, and drinking; these were symbols of women's liberation |
| Harlem Reaissance | a revival of the arts and intellectual pursuits of the recently migrated black population, such as the birth of jazz |
| Lost Generation | main themes were the pervasive materialism that played American culture and the waster of life and resources expanded in WW1 |
| Scopes Trial | a teacher violated a TN state law by teaching evolution in high school. Scopes was convicted, but later overturned, thereby portraying the general sentiment that modernists had triumphed over fundamentalism |
| Black Tuesday date and significance | October 29, 1929 is when the stock market crashed |
| Hawley-Smoot Tariff | enacted by Hoover, the idea was to promote domestic manufacturing rather than importing the goods. Horrible idea |
| Hoovervilles | shantytowns named after President Hoover. Those that were impoverished lived there. |
| Three Rs of the New Deal | -relief for the unemployed -recovery for businesses -reform of economic institutions |
| Fireside Chats | radio talk hosted by FDR in which he unified America and rose American spirits by encouraging Americans throughout the Great Depression |
| Civilian Conservation Corps | employed young men between 18-24 to manage soil conservation and forestry projects |
| Public Works Administration | employed Americans to do federal infrastructure work |
| Tennessee Valley Authority | hired people to run electric power plants, which worked to control flooding and erosion |
| Glass-Stegall Act (1933) | increased regulation in banks and limited the ways banks could invest people's money |
| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) | guaranteed people's bank deposits with federal money. If a bank failed, all of their money wouldn't be gone like before. |
| Securities and Exchange Commission | Regulated the stock market and prevent bad behavior |
| Social Security Act of 1935 | provided for a safety net of income for workers over 65 |
| Court Packing Scheme | this bill would allow the president to appoint new Supreme Court Justices for every judge over 71. FDR could replace 6 of the judges and aimed to get democratic ones. Everyone thought this was an overstep in power. |
| Isolationism | American did not want to involve themselves in another war, so they kept to themselves |
| Cash and Carry | allowed any belligerent in the war to purchase armaments from the U.S. as long as they paid cash and used their own ships to transport them |
| Lend-Lease Act | allowed Britain to obtain the arms they needs from the U.S. on credit |
| Pearl Harbor date and significance | December 7,1941. Japanese bombers are going to attack the Pearl Harbor navy base unprovoked. This is going to cause the U.S. to enter the war. "A day that will live in infamy." |
| Rosie the Riveter | presented women workers as both strong and necessary for the war effort. |
| Double V Campaign | victory over fascism on the war front and victory over racism on the homefront |
| Bracero Program | agreement with Mexican government to recruit temporary Mexican agricultural workers to the U.S. to make up for wartime labor shortages. |
| Selective Service Act | the first peacetime military draft in U.S. history, bu tgot the job done. Men have to sign up once they turn 18 |
| Executive Order 9066/Japanese Internment Camps | Authorized the federal gov to relocated over 100,000 Japanese Americans to internment camps scattered throughout the U.S> |
| Korematsu v. United States | argued that the forces removal was an unconstitutional violation of the 5th amendment. Federal gov formally apologized and offered their surviving descendants $20,000 in reparation payments. |
| Who was aligned with one another in WW2? | Allies- Great Britain, U.S., Soviet Union Axis- Germany, japan, Italy |
| Battle of MIdway (1942) | a turning point in the war in the Pacific. THe U.S. was able to push back the Japanese who had conquered a large portion of key strategic Pacific territories |
| Island Hopping | the U.S. bypassed heavily fortified Japanese occupied islands in favor of smaller, less strategic islands, and in doing so effectively cut off the Japanese supply line. |
| V-J Day (9/2/1945) | Japan officially surrendered, war is over. |
| Yalta Conference | Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt met before the end of the war and decided how Germany would be jointly occupied by the Allied Powers. Agreed that eastern Europe would have the ability to choose their leaders through free elections |
| Marshall Plan | a program through the U.S. offered a lot of money to European nations who were trying to rebuild. The idea was the those countries would then favor democaracy. |
| United Nations | an international peacekeeping assembly similar to the League of Nations, but they actually had the infrastructure to keep peace. |
| Cold War (1947-1989) | a conflict between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R in which neither country engages in open warfare with another |
| Iron Curtain | a metaphor used to describe the political boundary dividing Europe into two seperate areas |
| Truman Doctrine/Containment policy | advocated containment of communism by lending support to any country that was threatened by the Soviet Union. Many resources were poured into containing the spread of communism |
| Berlin blockade and airlift | Soviet blockage of ground access to Western Berlin. Truman organized the airlift to send supplies to western Berlin. |
| NATO and the Warsaw Pact | both are military alliances with foreign countries. NATO is going to be the ones resisting Soviet actions, while Warsaw is going to be USSR and other Eastern European countries |
| What two Soviet events occured in 1949 that scared the Americans? | - Soviets tested their atomic bomb -China falls to communism |
| Korean War/ "The Forgotten War" | fought for three years, first desegregated war, war ended in stalemate |
| Taft-Hartley Act (1947) | Made it more difficult for workers to strike, additionally, union leaders were made to pledge that they were not members of the communist party. |
| House Unamerican Activities Committee (HUAC) | began searching for communist influence in every crack of American Society |
| Joseph McCarthy (McCarthyism) | claimed to have the names of known commies in the State department. Had the effect of making everyone think that AMerican society was crawling with secret commies. |
| Rosenberg Case | Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were accused of being involved with espionage that resulted in stolen atomic bomb plans. They were given thte electric chair. |
| Servicemen's Readjustment Act (GI Bill) | WWII veterans were given the opportunity to go to college on the government's dime and take out low interest loans to buy houses and start businesses |
| Levittown | a suburban community created by William Levitt. He would purchase large amounts of land outside of major cities and build mass-produced, low-cost homes organized on sprawling identical lots. |
| Interstate HIghway Act (1956) | created fast-moving highways that gave people the occasion to travel quickly from suburbs to urban areas |
| Sun Belt | people are going to move from the north to the south and west. This will lead to a shift in political power from the north east and midwest to the south and west |
| Mass Culture | a kind of widespread homogenous set of ideas and patterns of behavior to which many American subscribe |
| Executive Order 9981 | banned segregation in the armed forces, but wasn't enforced until the Korean war |
| 24th amendment | abolished the poll tax |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) | argued that segregated schools violated the provisions of the 14th amendment. Resulted in the overturning of Plessy v. Ferguson |
| Southern Manifesto | argued that the Supreme Court had engaged in a gross abuse of power in the Brown decision |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott/ Rosa Parks | Rosa Parks refused to move from the whites only section although being black and was arrested for it. A city-wide bus boycott which lasted a year in response to Parks' arrest. The bus company ended the policy of segregation due to financial pressure. |
| Civil Disobedience | took form of large-scale, non-violent refusals to obey government commands |
| Southern Christian Leadership Confrence | founded by MLK, aimed to mobilize the vast power of the black churches on behalf of black rights |
| March on Washington (1963) | >200,000 civil rights activists gathered on the lawn of the Washington Monument. MLK delivers his televised "I Have a Dream" speech |
| What is the key difference between MLK and Malcom X? | MLK was a pacifist, meaning he believed that violence was NOT the answer, while Malcom X did. |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | made discrimination on the basis of race, religion, or sex illegal |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | prohibited racial discrimination in the voting booth by outlawing literacy tests and poll taxes |
| Loving v Virginia (1967) | made interracial marriage legal |
| Title IX (1972) | banned any discrimination on the basis of gender with respect to education and had a big impact on securing funding for women's sports teams. |
| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)/ Phyllis Schlafly | a constitutional amendment that would've guaranteed legal gender equality for women and men. Schlafly thought that the ERA would take aways certain privileges and ultimately caused the rejection of the ERA. |
| Roe v. Wade (1973) | the Supreme Court declared that states could not prohibit women from having abortions in the first two trimesters of their pregnancy |
| Cesar Chavez/Delores Huerta/United Farm Workers (1962) | created the group in order to protest the interests of migrant farm workers. Staged a nationwide boycott of grapes to pressure farm owners to increase their pay. |
| American Indian Movement (1968) | goal was to reclaim their heritage and tribal traditions that were lost to American acculturation. |
| Stonewall Inn (1969) | a raid on a known gay gathering place met with a spontaneous resistance against the enforcement of unjust laws. This led to multiple gay organized protests for the expansion of gay rights. |
| Earth Day (1970) | created by Senator Gaylord Nelson as a way to force the environment protection issue onto the national agenda |
| Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) | job was to manage pollution control programs including pesticides, oversee the regulation of industries that polluted, and more. |
| Barry Goldwater/ The New Right | Goldwater was a presidential candidate in 1964 and lost. The New Right is a coalition of conservatives who resisted the onslaught of liberalism. Proud of religious values, openly populist and anti-eglatarian. |
| Stagflation | inflation is running rampant, but the economy is very stagnant |
| Affirmative Action | race would be a factor in hiring decision and college admission |
| Bakke v The University of California (1978) | Bakke was denied admission to UC and took them to court. It was decided that minority quotas were unconstitutional and violated the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment. |
| Reaganomics | the idea that American prosperity will be achieved through tx cuts and decreased federal spending. |
| Keynesian Economics | argued that prosperity was achieved through increased government spending |
| Economic Recovery Act (1981) | cut income taxes by 25% over the next 3 years. Also provided for cuts in corporate income taxes, capital gains taxes, and in heritence taxes. |
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