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History
(M) Discovery and Development (Section 2)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What important discovery about microorganisms did Pasteur make when running tests on why beer, wine and vinegar went sour? | That microorganisms contaminated the liquids, causing their sourness. They could be killed by heating them |
| What were the 4 principals of Pasteur's Germ Theory? | 1. Air contains living microorganisms 2. Microorganisms are not evenly distributed in air 3. Microorganisms cause decay 4. Microorganisms can be killed by heating them |
| How did Pasteur disprove the spontaneous generation theory? | When he left a mixture open in the air, it would go bad. When he heated it and prevented air from reaching it, it did not go bad, proving the mixture did not create the microorganisms |
| What discovery did Pasteur make about city air compared to rural air? | Rural air was cleaner, as it contained less microorganisms |
| When did Pasteur publish his Germ Theory? | 1861 |
| Why did scientists not accept Pasteur's ideas when he made the link between microorganisms and disease? | Hundreds of microorganisms existed in healthy people, meaning it wasn't clear why some microorganisms caused disease and some didn't |
| What drew Joseph Lister to the idea of using carbolic acid to prevent infection? | It was used to kill the microorganisms in sewers |
| How did Lister first use carbolic acid? | Instead of amputating a boy's broken leg, he set the bone and covered the wound in bandages soaked in carbolic acid. The wound healed without infection |
| After seeing carbolic acid prevented infection, how did Lister use it? | He used it to clean wounds, equipment and bandages |
| Name 3 reasons why there was opposition to Lister's carbolic acid | 1. Carbolic spray made instruments slippery 2. Spray made doctors' hands cracked and sore 3. It took a long time to dress patients' wounds with spray |
| What 2 factors influenced the government's decision to improve London's sewer system? | 1. John Snow's work on cholera 2. The Great Stink |
| How much money did the government invest into a new sewer system? | £ 6.5 million |
| Who was put in charge of the new sewer system? | Joseph Bazalgette |
| When was the Sanitary Act passed? | 1866 |
| What did the Sanitary Act say? | All towns had to employ inspectors to check on water supplies and drainage |
| Give 3 things that the 1875 Public Health Act made authorities responsible for. | 1. Clean water supply 2. Building public toilets 3. Ensuring new housing was built well |
| What attitude did most people have towards government interference before ideas changed? | Laissez-faire |
| How did local cottage hospitals receive funding c1860? | Charity |
| How did patients get into local cottage hospitals? | Often needed a letter of recommendation from a doctor or respected individual |
| There were some larger hospitals in cities c1860, such as the Hospital for Sick Children. What were these called? | Infirmaries |
| What was the standard of care in hospitals like c1860? | Low, nurses had little to no training |
| What happened regarding Nightingale's books that showed she was having widespread impact even outside of Britain? | 'Notes on Nursing' was translated into 11 languages |
| When was the Nightingale School for the training of nurses set up? | 1860 |
| What was the expectation for women before around the Suffragette movement? | That they should be a good companion to their husband and not pursue any higher education |
| Who became the first female doctor? | Elizabeth Blackwell |
| Who was inspired to become a doctor by one of Elizabeth Blackwell's speeches? | Elizabeth Garrett |
| Where did Garrett dissect corpses, seeing as she wasn't allowed access to dissecting rooms? | Her bedroom |
| Garrett completed her medical course but wasn't licensed to offer medical advice. Why? | None of the three societies that carried out licensing would accept her |
| How were the Society of Apothecaries forced to accept Garrett? | Her father threatened to sue, as they had no rules stating women could not join |
| When did Elizabeth Garrett become officially qualified to practice medicine? | 1865 |
| When did Elizabeth Garrett open St Mary's Dispensary? | 1866 |
| When Garrett returned to England with a medical degree, her Dispensary added a 10-bed ward. What was special about it? | It was staffed entirely by women |
| When did Dr Garrett become a member of the British Medical Association? | 1873 |
| What year did an Act of Parliament force universities and medical societies to accept women? | 1876 |
Created by:
JoeMather
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