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Patho chap 41,42
Skin and Burns
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| layers of the skin | epidermis, dermis, hypodermis |
| functions of the skin | temperature control and regulation, barrier production, secretion and absorption of vitamins minerals and electrolytes |
| erythema | reddened skin |
| induration | a hardening or thickening, these are seen with a positive TB skin test for instance |
| atrophy | the thinning or shrinking of skin cells and can occur in all tissues of the body |
| bulla | a large blister think of these as what occurs in burns |
| telangiectasia | fine, irregular red lines produced by dilation of capillaries think of spider veins |
| pustule | a papule filled with pus (think of a pimple) |
| scale | a fragment of dry skin (thick peeling or flaking) |
| scar | a permanent replacement of normal skin with connective tissue (you see this occur after a cut heals) |
| an ulcer is a loss of which types of tissue | epidermal and dermal |
| stasis ulcer | outside skin tissue |
| peptic ulcer | occur in the stomach tissue |
| lichenificaiton | hardening or thickening of the skin with markings due to trauma (think little scabs from scratching too much) |
| macule | flat area of pigmentation (think freckle) |
| nodule | a solid lump greater than 0.5 cm in diameter (think bug bite that one cystic acne which is a bump under the skin but doesn't have the pustule) |
| vesicle | small blisters, think herpes blister (appear in cluster of small blisters) |
| urticaria | transient, pale elevated papules with pink margins and they are itchy and usually get these with an allergic reaction |
| albinism | genetic disorder that deprives skin, hair, eyes of pigment, sensitive to light, pink/ pale skin, light hair and eyes |
| vitiligo | acquired skin condition, spotty production of melanin, discolored patches |
| melasma | overproduction of melanin, can be caused by hormones |
| lentigos | large pigmented spots, usually on hands, forearms, or face, premalignant skin lesion that is brown and benign but an become raised/ wart like |
| xerosis | dry skin, very common, may be caused by dehydraiton |
| prutitis | itchy skin, from allergic reaction / sensitive skin/ medication |
| alopecia | sudden loss of hair in one area of the scalp, unknown causes |
| koilonychia | spooning of nails |
| paronychia | infection creates an abscess around the nail |
| onychomycosis | fungal infection of nail |
| onycholysis | nails separate from nail beds |
| hyperhidrosis | excessive sweat production |
| anhidrosis | diminished sweat production |
| acne vulgaris | multi factored inflammatory disorder of sebaceous glands, consisting papules, pustules, nodules, cysts and comedones |
| acne rosacea | erythematous papules and pustules associated with inappropriate vasodilation |
| birthmark | pigmented skin lesion present at birth or develop during infancy |
| hemangioma | beginning tumor of blood vessel apparent in 30% of newborns |
| port wine stains | permanent blood vessel abnormalities, look like pink patches at birth, but darkens and becomes larger with age |
| wood's light | used to visualize lesions, fungi takes on a fluorescent yellow - green color |
| skin scraps | view under a microscope to see cells |
| pre cancerous nevi | precancerous moles, can be pigmented or depigmented, papules or nodules that vary in size, high susceptibility to cancer |
| actinic keratosis | premalignant lesion where skin has been damaged by sun, rough, scaly plaques with red surrounding area |
| what is malignant melanoma? why is it the deadliest form of skin cancer? | cancers of melanocytes, it does metastasize so it is the deadliest |
| assessment for skin cancer (ABCDE) | asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolving |
| what is the most common form of skin cancer? what are key characteristics of basal cell carcinoma | most common form of skin cancer, rarely metastasize, usually slow growing, can still grow and invade locally, slightly raised / shiny/ blood vessels, caused by UV |
| discuss characteristics of squamous cell carcinoma. what does it develop from? | more invasive, usually do not metastasize but they can to lymph nodes or other organs, caused by UV, can develop from actinic keratoses |
| contact dermatitis | delayed hypersensitivity to materials like metals, chemicals, drugs, poison ivy, allergic reaction usually occurs days after skin contact with allergen |
| seborrheic dermatitis | inflammation of skin caused by excessive secretions of sebaceous glands, lesions appear greasy, inflamed and itchy with dandruff |
| cause of urticaria | histamines are released by mast cells to cause urticaria |
| angioedema | swelling of eyes, face, lips, mucus membrane |
| thermal burn | greater than 90% of cases, can be caused by flames or scalds |
| chemical burn | industrial accident or ingestion of harsh chemicals |
| electrical burn | electrical shock generates heat and damage tissues |
| radiation | exposure to radiation or radioactive materials, longer prodromal stage |
| rule of 9's | rapid method used during emergent phase of care used to determine the surface area of burn, body is divided into regions that present 9% |
| lund and browder method | more accurate method to look at burns, divides body into smaller sections of TBSA and evaluates percentages of these area, then add percentages together |
| zone of coagulation | deepest point of injury, irreversible tissue necrosis |
| zone of stasis | decreased tissue perfusion |
| zone of hyperemia | red, vasodilation / increased blood flow, minimal tissue damage |
| how can burns cause sepsis / infection | skin is the major barrier to pathogens, so this can occur when skin is broken from a burn and the pathogen can enter the body and travel to the bloodstream |
| how do burns lead to ARDS | occurs if there is lung injury from the burn, oxygenation and gas exchange are obstructed |
| what is compartment syndrome and how is it related to burns | compartment syndrome is caused by eschar, buildup of pressure within a restricted area of the body that suppresses circulation to the region, accumulation of fluid leads to collapsed vessels |
| how do burns cause contractures | healing of deep wounds pulls edges of the wound together leading to these constricted regions of tissue |
| what is hypertrophic scarring? | raised area of firm skin growths, aka keloids |
Created by:
sammy.e7
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