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History
Changes in Medicine (Chapter 1)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the four humous | Blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile |
| What was the theory called that was based on the four humours? | The Theory of Opposites |
| Describe the 'Theory of Opposites' | Idea that if your illness was caused by too much of one humour, the balance of your humours could be restored by eating or drinking something with the opposite qualities |
| What is the Miasma Theory? | Idea that disease was carried by unpleasant smells and harmful fumes in the air |
| Describe the idea of Spontaneous Generation | Rotting material created maggots, fleas and disease (the microorganisms on rotting material actually caused these things) |
| Why was doctors' knowledge of disease limited in 1848? | Most people wanted to be buried, meaning it was difficult for doctors to conduct research on bodies other than those of dead criminals |
| Give 5 reasons for limited understanding of medicine in 1848 | 1. Attitudes 2. Funding 3. Training 4. Technology 5. Lack of understanding |
| How did Florence Nightingale end up in Scutari? | The Secretary for War asked her to take a team of 38 nurses to a military hospital in Scutari |
| When did Florence Nightingale go to Scutari? | 1847 |
| What was a surprisingly large cause of death for British soldiers in the Crimean War? | Infection, as oppose to original injuries |
| What 2 diseases were very common when Nightingale arrived in Scutari? | Cholera and typhoid fever |
| Why was the cesspool underneath the hospital in Scutari a problem? | It affected water supply and air in the hospital |
| Name 3 of the conditions men in the hospital in Scutari faced | 1. Lice and fleas in their clothes 2. Beds were shared/men slept on floor 3. Food supplies were limited and of poor quality |
| What did Nightingale do as a result of her belief in miasma? | Opened lots of windows |
| Where did the funding come from that Nightingale received in Scutari? | A fund raised by the Times newspaper |
| What did Nightingale and her nurses do when they arrived in Scutari? | Scrubbed surfaces clean and washed all sheets, bandages, towels and equipment |
| What happened to the Scutari hospital in 1855 that caused the death rate to fall dramatically? | A government sanitary commission repaired drains and improved supply of drinking water |
| Why did army medical staff resist the idea of nurses coming to work in Crimea? | 1. They felt women could not cope with the conditions 2. They felt women's medical knowledge was limited |
| What were the 3 main problems with surgery in 1848? | 1. Bleeding 2. Pain 3. Infection |
| Why was pain a problem in surgery in 1848? | Patients had to be held down and surgeons had to work quickly, meaning they would often make mistakes |
| What 3 factors caused infection to be a major problem to surgery in 1848? | 1. Surgeons wore normal clothes 2. Instruments and conditions weren't clean 3. Surgical wounds were covered with unclean bandages |
| In 1848, what 3 methods were used to try and prevent blood loss? | 1. Tourniquets 2. Cauterisation of blood vessels 3. Ligatures |
| What gas used for pain was replaced by ether? | Nitrous oxide |
| When was ether first experimented with? | 1846 |
| What kind of operation was the first to successfully use ether? | An amputation of the leg |
| Name the 3 problems with ether | 1. Caused vomiting/irritation of lungs 2. Could leave patient asleep for days 3. Highly flammable |
| Who discovered chloroform as an anaesthetic? | James Simpson |
| How did James Simpson first test chloroform? | He used it on himself and his friends |
| What famous use of chloroform caused it to be more widely trusted in? | Queen Victoria used it during childbirth |
| Who first used ether in surgery? | Robert Liston |
| Name 3 issues with the use of chloroform | 1. Christian Church opposed to its use in childbirth 2. No one knew how it might affect a baby 3. Some doctors felt an unconscious patient was more likely to die |
| Who invented the chloroform inhaler and when was it invented? | John Snow, 1848 |
| How did the risk of infection increase after the discovery of chloroform? | Surgeons attempted, longer, more complicated surgeries, meaning there was a much larger chance of unhygienic conditions infecting the body |
| What did gangrene often developed into? (Hint: it often caused death) | Sepsis |
| What infection often developed as a result of higher infection rates from longer surgeries? | Gangrene |
| Why were houses in industrial towns of very poor quality? | They were built very quickly |
| Name 3 reasons why living conditions in poor areas of industrial towns caused disease to spread fast | 1. Pumps were shared by 20-30 families and usually took water from a polluted river 2. A privy (toilet) was used by 100 people 3. Houses were damp and had poor ventilation |
| Name 4 diseases that were a huge issue in industrial towns | 1. Typhus 2. Typhoid fever 3. Influenza 4. Cholera |
| What action by MP's in 1848 showed an incredible lack of understanding about disease? | They considered ordering a day of prayer after another cholera epidemic broke out |
| What 4 things did Dr Robert Baker's report on the 1832 cholera epidemic in Leeds find? | 1. Many streets were bare earth, meaning they were muddy and collected filth 2. Many streets did not have a sewer 3. Stagnant water created awful smells 4. Human excrement was collected and sold to farmers |
| In the report written by Edwin Chadwick, what did he suggest? | It would be beneficial to spend money on the health of the poor rather than let them become too ill to work. To do this, clean water was needed along with removal of rubbish and sewage |
| What drew attention to Chadwick's ideas? | Cholera epidemics that also affected the middle and upper classes |
| What 3 things did the 1848 Public Health Act do? | 1. Set up a General Board of Health 2. Allowed towns to set up their own Board of Health, employ a medical officer, remove rubbish and build sewers 3. Appointed three commissioners, including Chadwick, for the Board of Health |
| What was the were the problems with the 1848 Public Health Act? | It only lasted 5 years and change was optional to local authorities |
| Why did people find it difficult to accept Edwin Chadwick's ideas? | He was often arrogant and aggressive |
| What theory did John Snow have that lead him to investigate the Broad Street Pump? | That cholera was spread by polluted water |
| What evidence surrounding the Broad Street Pump supported John Snow's ideas? | 1. Workers in a factory who only drank beer were not affected by cholera 2. Houses who claimed to get their water from the pump were badly affected 3. A woman living miles away from Soho who requested water from the pump died of cholera |
| Who was given the task of building a new sewer system? | Joseph Bazalgette |
| What event caused MP's to pass an act, providing money for a new sewer system? | The Great Stink |
Created by:
JoeMather
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