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NURS 319: Cancer
Chapter 40 Cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| another term for cancer | malignant |
| formation of new blood vessels | angiogenesis |
| how does apoptosis or abnormalities of apoptosis lead to cancer? | leads to an overgrowth or unnecessary death of cells- cell division is supposed to be orderly |
| what does it mean that cancer is considered a disease of aging? | body's ability to recognize abnormal growth weakens |
| how do viruses impact the development of cancers? | viruses insert in host cell's DNA/RNA |
| how does the immune system function in the development of cancer? | unable to detect abnormal growths |
| common causes of cancer | Smoking, drinking more than one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men, excessive exposure to the sun or frequent blistering sunburns, being obese, and having unsafe sex |
| tumor suppressor genes | genes that guard against cancer formation |
| protooncogenes | control normal cell growth and proliferation |
| oncogenes | allow unrestrained cell division |
| 3 steps to carcinogenesis | 1. initiation: enter host cell 2. promotion: begins to reproduce 3. progression: begins to spread |
| initiation | initial damage to DNA |
| promotion | where the alerted cell divides and passes on abnormal DNA |
| progression | where benign lesions proliferate and invade adjacent tissue or metastasize |
| TNM staging: what do the letters stand for? | T= size of primary tumor N= lymph nodes M= sites of metastasis |
| TX | primary tumor cannot be measured |
| T0 | primary tumor cannot be found |
| Tis | earliest stage |
| T1, T2, T3, T4 | primary tumor has been measured. higher # is worse |
| NX | no info about lymph nodes |
| N0 | nearby lymph nodes do not contain cancer |
| N1, N2, N3 | cancer is present in lymph nodes. higher # means more lymph nodes have cancer |
| Mx | spread cannot be measured |
| M0 | cancer has not spread to other parts of the body |
| M1 | cancer has spread to other parts of the body |
| G1 | well differentiated |
| G2 | moderately differentiated |
| G3 | poorly differentiated |
| G4 | undifferentiated |
| cancer cells impact almost all body functions because tumor cells replace _____ functioning tissues | healthy/ optimal |
| initial symptoms usually reflect the ______ site of involvement, then as it grows, it impacts other bodily functions | invaded |
| why does cancer impact other bodily functions? | more areas become infected, cancer spreads and takes over |
| what cells are impacted in anemia? | RBCs |
| what is the role of red blood cells? | carry oxygen |
| what symptoms will you see with anemia? | fatigue, weakness, weight loss, dizziness |
| cancer symptoms | cough/ hoarseness, weight loss, lumps or bumps, bowel habit changes, energy changes, bruising/bleeding, pain |
| what cells are impacted in leukopenia? | leukocytes |
| role of leukocytes | fight infection |
| leukopenia symptoms | increased risk of infection, weakness, fatigue |
| cells impacted by thrombocytopenia | platelets |
| role of platelets | prevent bleeding |
| thrombocytopenia symptoms | excessive bleeding, fatigue |
| where does pain come from in cancer? | most common in bone cancer, during spread |
| cachexia | anorexia, anemia, weight loss, weakness, fatigue, thin, failure to thrive |
| anorexia | lost of appetite |
| paraneoplastic syndrome | malignancy causing an altered immune system |
| primary prevention | focusing on preventing or delaying the onset of cancer |
| secondary prevention | focuses on early detection through screening |
| tertiary prevention | focuses on treatment, management, or prevention of progression to later stages |
| who is at risk for lung cancer | men and women |
| lung cancer risk factors and clinical manifestations | smoking; cough, hemaptosis, stridor, chest pain, dyspnea, hoarseness, weight loss |
| two ways to classify lung cancer? which is more aggressive? | non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer; SCLC more aggressive |
| how do we screen for lung cancer and who gets screened? | chest X-ray, CT, sputum sample; symptomatic patients |
| who is at risk for breast cancer? | 1 in 8 women |
| breast cancer risk factors and clinical manifestations | early period & late menopause, obesity, no childbirth, genetics; lumps, pain, thick/scaly, tender nipples, redness, itchy |
| most definitive way to diagnose breast cancer | MRI/ ultrasound |
| 3 ways to categorize various breast cancers | 1. what cells in breasts are affected 2. what proteins are made by cancer 3. what quadrant of breast the tumor is in |
| when do we start screening for breast cancer? how do we screen? | 40 and by mammogram |
| how is prostate cancer classified? | TNM classification and AJCC classification |
| what age is greatest risk for prostate cancer | men over age of 50 |
| prostate cancer early symptoms | few symptoms |
| prostate cancer late symptoms | fatigue, pain, urinary/ bowel problems, fractures, sexual problems, lymphoedema, low RBC levels |
| where does prostate cancer usually metastasize to? | lymph nodes and bones |
| diagnostics for prostate cancer | biopsy, transrectal ultrasound, MRI |
| age to start screening for prostate cancer | 40 |
| how do brain tumors differ in children and adults? | adults: tumors superior to cerebellum children: tumors inferior to cerebellum |
| two most common brain tumors | meningiomas and glioblastomas |
| how do patients present with brain tumors and why? | seizure, headache, tension, focal-neural deficits, vision issues, nausea/vomit, mental changes; where the tumor is exerting pressure |
| how is brain tumor diagnosed? | neurological examination, lab tests, MRI (gold standard), cerebral angiography, EEG |
Created by:
lcorlew1
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