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Urbanization quiz 4/
big business, industrialization, big business, urbanization
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Big Business | The economic disparities between the workers (lower/working class) and big business owners (entrepreneurs and tycoons) grew exponentially |
| Mass production | Modernized production and made products less expensive, used assembly line, and standardization of parts, able to offer the public new and improved products |
| Unions | Organizations to help regulate working conditions, 8 hours of work, 8 hours of sleep and 8 hours for leisure (8,8,8) |
| Gilded Age | Rapid industrialization in America from 1865-1898. It was characterized by the extreme wealth of a few individuals, while many others lived in poverty. This era is often associated with political corruption and exploitation of immigrant labor |
| Free Enterprise | Beliefs that the economy will prosper if businesses are left free from government |
| Social Darwinism | Theory that society progresses through competition. Natural selection, the idea that humans are meant to be used to help the "stronger" individuals aka the tycoons/business owners |
| Corporation | Companies that sell shares of ownership |
| Trust | A group of companies that join together to form a larger company with the power to drive out competition in an industry |
| Monopoly | Exclusive economic control of an industry |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt | Commodore-made fortune from steamboats --> then turned to railroads and built their riches on railroads. Improved the safety and comfort of railroads, built Grand Central Station. |
| Andrew Carnegie | An Industrialist, business magnate he led the American steel industry, became a philanthropist(gospel of wealth), an immigrant from Scotland escaped poverty |
| John D. Rockefeller | 1870 formed Standard Oil in Ohio- dominated the oil industry. Accumulated wealth, came from poverty, controlled 90% of the country's oil, secretly got railroad rebates |
| Bread and Butter Unionism | Established the "modern" working conditions- better working conditions, better (livable) wages, better hours, 40hr week, 5 days a week, medical/benefits |
| Triangle shirtwaist fire (NYC) | 1911-Killed 150 people mostly young immigrant women, changed some working conditions |
| Knights of Labor | Union who welcomed skilled and unskilled workers, It also welcomed women and african americans. Wanted 8 hr workweek, wanted equal pay for all |
| Collective Bargaining | When union members representing workers negotiated labor issues with management- come to an agreement for the group of workers |
| Boycott | Refusal to buy a company's goods |
| Great Railway Strike of 1877 | Pay cuts forced railroad workers to strike, strike spread across many states: resulted in President Hayes sending in troops-workers gained little from this strike. |
| Haymarket Riot 1886 | Labor rally in Chicago called by anarchists, ended with bomb blasts and left many dead, Knights of Labor were blamed for the event but they were not the ones who did it, it was the anarchists. |
| Homestead Steel Strike 1892 | Union members of the Carnegie Steel plant in Homestead Penn went on strike to oppose wage cuts, 16 people were killed, national guard had to end violence, Fewer than 25% of people did not get their job back, strike halted union in that industry for 20yrs |
| Steel industry strike resulted in | National guard sent in to end the violence, 16 people were killed, fewer than 25% got their jobs back, the strike halted the union movement for 20 years, President sided with big business. |
| Steerage | The most basic and cheapest accommodations on a steamship, people who did this were usually poor- used to be used for animals in the bottom of the boat |
| Ellis Island | Most immigrants passed through this area in NYC/NJ |
| Ethnic Cities/ghettos | Residential area with a high concentration of people with the same ethnicity (same countries/cultures) NYC, Boston, Chicago, |
| Old immigration | 1776-1850: were from Northern & Western Europe: England, Scotland and Wales (they were escaping religious persecution, debt) France, Holland (wanted religious freedom), Ireland, Germany and Scandinavia (escaping famine,seek peace and stability) |
| New immigration | From 1870-1924 (Southern and Eastern europe) Russia, Italy, Austria-Hungary, Greece, Poland and other eastern european countries(some escaping religious persecution, economic opportunities, political freedom) |
| Assimilation | The theory of immigrants disappearing into an already established American culture, gave up native languages and customs and became "Americanized" adopted the appearances and attitudes of larger society. |
| Reasons for immigration | -Europe was overpopulated, Factories had work for them, no restrictions on immigration |
| Nativists | Anti-immigrant: idea that foreign born people threatened the majority culture and should be barred from this country. Not welcoming of immigrants, they didn't trust the new cultures coming in, non english speakers, people didn't like catholics |
| Industrialization | The process in which a society transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services. |
| What changed about labor during this time? | Individual manual labor is often replaced by mechanized mass production and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines |
| Suffrage | The right to vote |
| Abuses by Big Business | Elimination of competition- cutthroat competition, large corp can sell at a lower price and push out smaller companies, large corporations could afford local price wars, in effect the large corporations destroyed smaller businesses. |
| Negative effects of overpopulation | Housing, buildings not meant for high numbers, tenements people crowded into these buildings |
| Public health during urbanization | Urbanization/crowding helped spread disease, water & sanitation were inadequate, awful diets and no knowledge of health procedures |
| Politics during industrialization | Many city gov were taken over by political machines, were at Ellis island registering them to vote and pushed bias onto them, corruption increased and money that should have been spent on public works went into private pockets, |
| Positive effects of city growth | Urbanization was aided and improved by new technologies in transportation, architecture, utilities, and sanitation, cultural advances, museums, libraries, concert halls, theaters and parks, settlement houses to help educate and services to the poor |
| Push factors of immigration | The factors that caused people to want to leave their homeland for another place (natural disasters, forms of oppressive gov, lack of religious freedom) |
| Pull factors of immigration | Conditions that attract people to another place (such as opportunities for employment, better living conditions, political freedom) |
| Strike | Refusing to work |
| Why were strikes/boycotts useful tools against big business- were they useful? | both caused big business to lose money |
| Why were unions necessary for the American worker? | safe working conditions, work schedules, overtime, bathroom breaks |
| International Ladies Garment Workers Union | Labor union whose members were employed in the women's clothing industry, was once one of the largest labor unions in the United States, one of the first U.S. unions to have a primarily female membership |
| Pullman Strike | First nationwide strike- occurred from May through July, 1894, causing to the disruption of rail traffic throughout the nation, riots and property damage in and around the city of Chicago, the arrest of strike leaders, and 30 deaths. |
| Progressive movement | Group of reformers who wanted change- they believed the government abused their power and new developments in tech and science could improve basic institutions of American society. |
| Teddy Roosevelt | first "progressive" president; most known for his trust-busting, natural resource conservation, and passing of the Food and Drug Act; believed in a "Square Deal" |
| Muckraker | men and women who investigated and exposed corruption & conditions of the period- journalists and writers who wanted to make change |
| Ida Tarbell | muckraker that exposed Rockefeller and Standard Oil's bad business practices; wrote "History of the Standard Oil Company" |
| Jacob Riis | muckraker and photographer that exposed the poor quality of life in cities/tenement housing; wrote "How the Other Half Lives" |
| Upton Sinclair | author who wrote "The Jungle"; muckraker who exposed the meat packing industry |
| Populist party wanted | graduated income tax (paying taxes based on what you make), direct election of senators, shorter work week |
| Temperance movement | movement to end the sale of alcohol- temperance movement began in 1820s, amendment 18th ended the sale of alcohol |
| Progressive movement wanted | child labor laws, settlement housing, temperance, women's rights (suffrage), |
| Women's suffrage | Right to vote- passed in 1919, 19th amendment, opening of womens college, birth control, women wanted to control their own destiny |
| Child Labor | National child labor committee was formed in 1904, Federal Childrens Bureau 1912, set wages for children, make school compulsory, children needed schooling and to not work |
| Laissez Faire | Translates to 'leave alone' when it comes to economic intervention. The government's role is to protect the rights of the individual, rather than regulating business in any way. |
| American Federation of Labor | 1886-Founded by Samuel Gompers, AFL fought for better wages, hours and working, 1 million members, women + african americans not welcome, for skilled craftsmen |
| Robber Barons | Businessmen who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices |
| "The Jungle" by Upton Sinclair led to | new federal food safety laws- The pure food and drug act and The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was first created to enforce the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906. |
| Granger movement | founded in 1867- wanted to limit the power of railroad companies, pressure from groups led to state laws regulating railroads. |
| Populist movement | Farmers and many factory workers founded the populist party goals were: graduated income tax direct election of senators, 8 hr workday, gov ownership of railroads, telegraphs, and telephones. bimetallism(silver standard) |
| Lockout | in response to a strike action, they locked them out and refused to pay them |
| Blacklisted | If a worker has something wrong, sent out names to other factories and the person had difficulty finding a new job if their name is on it |
| Philanthropy | Wealthy have a responsibility to give back to others |
| Meat inspection act | 1906, passed by TR, protect the American people from contaminated food |
| Coal Strike of 1902 | TR stepped in because reserves were low and this was necessary for all Americans, he sided with the labor side, the agreement favored labor |
| Panama Canal | TR- transportation to get goods from east to west without going around south America |
| Trust buster | Going after monopolies, unfair business practices, controlling 80% of American business |
| Square Deal | Wanted all Americans to be treated fairly and thought it was the job of the federal government to help accomplish this. |
| Conservationist | TR- National Reformation act 1902, reclaiming and the creation of the national parks- Federal government would be in charge of water rights in the west. |
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