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civics test unit ii
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| political party | a team of men and women seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election. |
| linkage institutions | the channels through which people's concerns become political issues on the government's policy agenda. |
| rational choice theory | assumes that individuals act in their own best interests, weighing the cost and benefits of possible alternatives. |
| party image | a voter's perception of what republicans or democrats stand for. |
| party identification | a citizen's self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other. |
| ticket-splitting | voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices. |
| closed primaries | only people who have registered with the party can vote for that party's candidates. |
| open primaries | voters decide on election day whether they want to vote in the democrat or republican party. |
| blanket primaries | voters are represented with a list of candidates from all parties. |
| national convention | the meeting of party delegates every 4 years to choose a presidential ticket and the party's platform |
| ticket | president and vice president |
| platform | where the party stands on issues |
| national committee | one of the institutions that keeps the party operating between conventions. |
| national chairperson | responsible for day to day activities of the national party. |
| coalition | a group of individuals with a common interest upon which every political party depends. |
| party eras | historical periods in which a majority of voters generally keep one party in power. |
| critical election | an electoral "earthquake" where new issues and coalitions emerge. |
| party realignment | displacement of majority party by minority party, usually during critical election. |
| new deal coalition | forged by democrats, consisted of urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholics, jews, the poor, southerners. |
| divided government | one party controls congress and the other controls the white house |
| party dealignment | disengagement of people from parties as evidenced by shrinking party identification. |
| third (minor) parties | those other than the 2 major parties "safety valves" for popular discontent |
| winner take all system | legislative seats awarded to only first place finishers. |
| proportional representation | legislative seats awarded based on votes received by the party- more votes = more seats |
| coalition government | 2 or more parties join to form a majority in a national legislature |
| referendum | state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve proposed legislation or constitutional amendments. |
| initiative petition | voters, given a sufficient number of signatures, may vote on proposed laws or changes to the state constitution. |
| suffrage | the legal right to vote |
| mandate theory of election | the idea that the winning candidate has a strong directive from the people to carry out his or her policy plans. |
| electoral college | actually chooses the president; founders wanted him chosen by the elite of the country. |
| winner take all | system that gives bigger emphasis to more populated states |
| public opinion | the distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues. |
| demography | the science of population changes |
| census | required every 10 years by the constitution (counts population) |
| political culture | an overall set of values widely shares within a society. |
| political socialization | the process through which an individual acquires particular political orientation |
| process of political socialization | family (most influential), mass media and social media, school. |
| universe | all possible responders. |
| sample | a small portion of people who are chosen in a survey to represent the whole. |
| random sampling | key technique that makes sure everyone should have equal probability of being selected for the sample. |
| sampling error | the level of confidence in the findings of an opinion poll |
| political ideaology | coherent set of beliefs about politics, public policy, and public purpose. |
| conventional participation in politics | voting elections, contacting elected officials, working in campaigns, running for office. |
| unconventional participation in politics | protest, civil disobedience. |
| civil disobedience | a conscious decision to break a law believed to be immoral, and to suffer the consequences. |
| mass media | television, radio, newspapers, magazines, internet-based, and other popular communication |
| high-tech politics | politics in which the behavior of citizens and policy makers and the political agenda itself are increasingly shaped by technology |
| investigative journalism | the use of in depth reporting to unearth scandals, scams, and schemes putting reporters and politicians opposite each other. |
| the broadcast media | tv and radio, brings government and politics into people's homes, politician's appearance and mannerisms become important |
| narrowcasting | media programming that it focused on one topic and aimed at a particular audience |
| news reporting | biased towards what will draw the largest audience. |
| confirmation bias | seeking out information that supports their opinions. |
| agenda-setting effect | tv news affecting what people think. |
| news is... | a business giving people what they want. |
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coolcatkatieg
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