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US History Chapter 8
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The democratic revolution was followed by a widespread emulation of what? | aristocratic behavior |
| What was the Market Revolution? | When consumers bought goods with money instead of making the goods themselves or bartering for them |
| What caused the Americans for the desire of factories? | Spirit of nationalism since Americans used to rely on the British for goods |
| Who was Samuel Slater? | Samuel Slater memorized the plans for the spinning machines and brought it to RI from the British where Moses Brown provided the money to start Slater Mill |
| Who were the labor force for early industrialization factories? | Children |
| Who was Francis Cabot Lowell? | Head of the Boston Associates and smuggled plans for a power loom out of Britain; established a factory at Waltham, Massachusetts - had both sinning machines and power looms |
| What were the 5 theories of why the working class did not have any "self-conscious"? | - Existence of the frontier: farming - Expanding economy created opportunities - Racial and ethnic differences - Working in factories was an improvement for many - Early workers were mainly women and children |
| Where were the Lowell Mills set up? | East Chelmsford, Massachusetts along the Merrimack |
| What happened when the ability of laborers to influence working conditions declined? | - Skilled workers either moved up to employers (bosses) or sank down to unskilled workers - Gap between owners and workers increase - Distinction between skilled and unskilled workers blurred |
| What was Lowell's Waltham System? | employment of young, unmarried women in textile mills |
| What was the lifestyle of the women in the factory workers? | - Came from New England farms - Housed in boarding houses that were strictly supervised - Earned between $2.50 and $3.25 a week (half went to room and board) for about 70 hours of work per week |
| Why were these women working? | working for additional income |
| Who were the women working factories replaced with? | repleced with Irish immigrants as their protests for changed conditions increased and as they found alternate employment as school teachers and clerks |
| What was 1850 census? | more than 10% foreign born |
| Who were most of the immigrants from in 1850s? | Irish and German, though substantial number from Britain and Scandinavian countries |
| What were the jobs of the irish (most of the time)? | Cops and firefighters |
| What was created when these different ethnic groups start to immigrate to the US? | created first culturally distinctive, property-less, city-bound class who were deeply resented by native workers |
| What were some pull factors of coming to the US? | - Prospect of abundant land - Good wages - Economic opportunity - Promise of political or religious freedom |
| What were some push factors of coming to the US? | - Faced starvation of stayed in home country - economic issues |
| Where did most successful immigrants go in the US? | most went west |
| What were some small invention improvements for the society? | - Leather transmission bolts and metal gears - Improvements in the manufacture of paper, glass, and pottery - 1820: invention of machine for cutting ice |
| What did the general public see in the corporations? | they were seen suspicious and seen as a privilege; associated with monopoly and corruption |
| How did the growth of the cotton industry revolutionize? | accelerated cotton production in the United States, as well as the use of slave labor to harvest and process the crop. |
| What was Long Staple Cotton? | (sea-island) was high quality but had limited growth in the U.S. - no frost during the year |
| What was Short Staple Cotton? | (green seed or upland) had large growth are but seeds difficult to separate |
| Where was Indigo decreasing in importance? | South Carolina & Georgia |
| Who is Eli Whitney? | invented the cotton gin |
| What was the cotton gin? | a machine that was able to quickly and easily separate otton fibers from their seeds |
| What was the cotton gin able to help in the long run? | - made it possible to clean 50 times as much cotton as by hand - stimulated the economy for the rest of the nation - exported and paid for European manufactured products |
| What were the impacts that the cotton gin had on slavery? | - growth of cotton revitalized slavery - property rights placed ahead of personal liberties of black Americans |
| Who was Gabriel Prosser? | slave revolt that was a planned plot by Gabriel |
| Who were the only supporters of black property rights? | the revolutionary generation |
| What did the Revolution lead to when it came to slavery? | led to release of slaves; as # of free blacks rose, tighter restrictions were imposed on them |
| In the 1780s what was the solution to the "problem" of free blacks? | established colonies of freed slaves (usually in Africa) |
| What did the American Colonization Society do? | -Purchased African land and established Republic of Liberia - Despite support from many influential whites, colonization did not work since most blacks had no interest in it - About 12,000 went, byt by 1850 only 6,000 were alive |
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