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Government Exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| 22nd Amendment | amendment that limits a president to two terms in ten years |
| Reprieve | to officially pardon a citizen for a crime |
| Executive orders | order issued by the president to the executive branch |
| Chief executive | role of the president to grant reprieves, nominate executive officials, and issue executive orders |
| Chief diplomat | role of the president to make treaties, sign agreements with other countries, and nominate foreign ambassadors and public ministers |
| Executive agreement | an agreement between the American and a foreign government |
| Chief legislator | role of the president to make recommendations to Congress and to sign or veto bills |
| State of the Union Address | address given by the president to inform members of Congress of the state of the union so that they may make educated decisions |
| Head of state | role of the president to symbolize and personify the country's unity and integrity both at home and abroad |
| Chief of party | role of the president to help get members of their party elected and to represent their party in a positive light |
| Presidential Succession Act of 1947 | act that established the order of presidential succession as: 1) Vice President, 2) Speaker of the House, 3) President Pro Tempore, and 4) Secretary of State |
| 25th Amendment | amendment that establishes that the vice president shall succeed the president in the event of his sudden death or resignation |
| Impeachment | the formal accusation of treason, bribery, or other crime or misdemeanor while in office |
| Original jurisdiction | the Supreme Court's authority to hear and decide a case for the first time |
| Appellate jurisdiction | the authority of a higher court to review a lower court's decision |
| Treason | the only crime mentioned in the Constitution and something the colonists accused King George of, defined as levying war against the United States or providing aid to its enemies |
| Judicial review | the power to determine the constitutionality of laws or executive actions |
| Marbury v. Madison | judicial review case that was the first time a congressional law was declared unconstitutional |
| Judicial restraint | conservative judicial philosophy that the Constitution should be followed as intended by the framers and believes in interpreting, not writing, the law |
| Judicial activism | liberal judicial philosophy that judges have a responsibility to further justice and right social wrongs |
| 1st Amendment | amendment that establishes the freedom of religion, speech, press, peaceful assembly, and petition of government |
| Prior restraint | the prohibiting of speech or media, especially prior to its publication, that the government cannot do as mandated by the first amendment |
| Symbolic speech | beliefs not explicitly stated but worn or otherwise expressed that are protected under the Freedom of Speech clause |
| Brandenburg v. Ohio | 1969 court ruling that libel, slander, obscenity, and inciting others to crime were not protected under the Freedom of Speech clause |
| Libel | written lies not protected by the Freedom of Speech clause |
| Slander | spoken lies not protected by the Freedom of Speech clause |
| Lemon test | Establishment of Religion clause mandates that for money to be sent to a religious school, it must not be religious in purpose, can neither advance nor inhibit religion, and must not entangle the government with religion |
| 9th Amendment | amendment that establishes the right to travel, privacy, and to make decisions for ourselves |
| 4th Amendment | amendment that protects against unreasonable searches and seizures without a warrant, with the exception of a lawful arrest, airports, roadblocks, plain view, and hot pursuit |
| 5th Amendment | amendment that protects us in court from being tried for the same crime twice, self-incrimination, and from private property being seized for public use |
| 6th Amendment | amendment that grants the right to a speed and public trial, and impartial jury, to be informed of the accusation, to be confronted with the witness against him, have witnesses in his favor, and the assistance of counsel for his defense |
| 8th Amendment | amendment that protected against excessive bail or fines, cruel and unusual punishments, and the death penalty for crimes not involving death, as a mandatory sentence, for minors, or for the mentally challenged |
| 14th Amendment | amendment that establishes citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., and protects from states diverting from the Constitution |
| 13th Amendment | amendment that outlawed slavery except for in the punishment of a crime |
| Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 Supreme Court ruling that racially segregated education was unconstitutional |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | act that outlawed discrimination in employment, cut funding to segregated schools, and empowered the U.S. Department of Justice to sue |
| Fair Housing Act of 1968 | act that protects from discrimination in buying or renting a home, getting a mortgage, or seeking housing assistance |
| Amendment 15 | amendment that gave all male citizens, regardless of race or prior enslavement, the right to vote |
| Smith v. Allwright | 1944 Supreme Court overturning of Texas state law and prohibiting of states restricting voters based on race |
| Poll taxes | taxes demanded upon voting created to deter black Americans from voting |
| 19th Amendment | amendment that granted American women the right to vote |
| U.S. v. Virginia | 1996 Supreme Court ruling that granted women protection from discrimination in education |
| Muller v. Oregon | 1908 ruling that women cannot work more than forty hours per week and prohibited discrimination based on pregnancy |
| Equal Pay Act of 1963 | act that protects employees', regardless of gender, forms of compensation including salary, overtime pay, benefits, insurance, and breaks |
| Defense of Marriage Act, 1996 | act that for federal purposes defined marriage as between a man and a woman |
| Executive Order 13087 | executive order that prohibited discrimination based on sexual orientation in the executive branch while Clinton was in office |
| Executive Order 13672 | executive order that prohibited discrimination of federal contractors and subcontractors while Obama was in office |
| Lawrence v. Texas, 2003 | Supreme Court ruling that we have the personal autonomy to define our own relationships |
| US v. Windsor, 2013 | Supreme Court ruling that declared the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act unconstitutional, as marriage laws are a state/reserved power |
| Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015 | Supreme Court ruling that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same sex couples |
| American with Disability Act, 1990 | act that prohibited discrimination based on mental or physical disabilities |
| Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 1990 | act that public education must accommodate students with learning disabilities, including public universities |
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