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Ethnicity and Race
Sociology course. Midterm exam review.
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Action | Factors that structure action (the what) |
| Order | Patterns and predictions of behavior (the how) |
| Independent variable to dependent variable | Observed external phenomena shape action and order. Look at empirical to draw conclusions on action and order. IV: Action and Order (individual, psychological, and attitudinal behavior.) DV: Race (the Five I's. External and collective) |
| Theory | A system of generalizable or explanatory statements/propositions about phenomena |
| The Five I's | Ideology, Institutions, Interests, Identity, and Interactions |
| Haney Lopez Reading | Chance, Context, and Choice in the Social Construction of Race |
| Chance | Morphology and ancestry. Biological race says this is destiny, but doesn't play much of a role. |
| Context | Historically contingent and socially significant. Social, ideological, and material factors all influence race. Depends on location and time period. Blackness is abnormal and perverted in the social context. |
| Choice | We must "learn" to be Black or White. Choices are made under violence. Some try to pass and lose community. |
| American Sociological Association on race | It is a social construct with real consequences embedded in reality. |
| Ethnicity | A group with a shared culture and system of meaning. Arbitrarily picked categories for culture. If ethnic, usually "abnormal" in social context. |
| Race | A way of categorizing people based on physical features, differing by culture. It is a VERB. A process of becoming |
| Racialization | The ways we assign race to others and things. |
| Thomas Law | Things become real if the collective treats them as real. AKA social facts. |
| Racism | A collective and external system designed on the basis of race with measurable impacts on the treatment and outcomes of different racialized groups. Prejudice + power |
| The Declining Significance of Race | A book written by William J Wilson that claims we are entering a post-racial society due to the rising Black middle class |
| Social race | A way of dividing people into groups based on looks and assumed ancestry to justify and establish hierarchies |
| Reification | An attempt to make a social thing real, like in law |
| Ethnocentrism | The idea that one's own ethnic group and way of viewing the world is superior to others |
| Monogenism v. Polygenism | One species of humans v. multiple species of humans |
| Great Chain of Being | Whiter skin was viewed as being closer to God |
| Racial genetic difference | Doesn't exist! We are 99.7% similar. |
| Eugenics | Controlling the population through laws, medicine, and other practices to create a more desirable gene pool |
| Black Brawn | The idea that Black people are genetically inherently stronger than Whites. Usually juxtaposed with "White Brain." Started when Jessie Owens won the Olympics. |
| Racial Extinction Thesis | Before Black Brawn, the belief that Black people were genetically weaker and dying out. The basis for Plessy v Ferguson |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Separate but equal -- the start of Jim Crow and a reification of racial hierarchy |
| Racial Essentialism | The belief that race is an inherent and unchangeable characteristic |
| Biological Determinism | The belief that social behavior and cognitive outcomes are determined by race |
| Social darwinism | The application of "survival of the fittest" on human racial groups |
| Epigenetics | Genes are altered by the environment and passed on |
| Byrd and the Ideological double helix | Genetic research used in a racist manner. Biological determinism + racial essentialism |
| Genocide | End form of eugenics. The attempt to eliminate a national, cultural, ethnic group of people. |
| Buck v. Bell 1927 | By the "Racial Integrity Act," SCOTUS ruled it is constitutional to forcibly sterilize people "for the health of the patient and the welfare of society" |
| Hypodescent | The "one drop rule." Whiteness is purity, blackness is a contagen |
| Nonconcordance | No correlation between genomics and phenomics in regards to race |
| Survival of the Fastest | A movie made for the 2012 Olympics that revitalized bio determinism in the context of sports and slavery |
| Prejudice | Opinion of a group based on fallacies, not experience |
| Fallacy of composition | Characteristic of 1 applied to all |
| Fallacy of division | Status characteristic of a group that you assume all have |
| Bias | Implicit or explicit beliefs and actions for or against something based on preconceived notions |
| Symbolic racism | Racial prejudices held by people of Euro descent towards people of African descent. "Modern racism" based on morals. Symbol being continued on through generations |
| Cultural racism | Belief different races have essential cultures that lead to outcomes |
| Colorblind/Averse Racism | Established by Bonilla-Silva as the new dominant form of racism following the civil rights movement |
| Biological racism | The belief that there are races within the human genome and that these genes code for complex traits |
| 4 kinds of racism | Biological, symbolic, ethnocentrism, color-blind/aversive |
| Stanfield and Feel-good race relations | Dominating sociological structure and research designed to make us feel like race relations are improving, rather than actually examining systems and structures behind unequal racial outcomes |
| Cultural hegemony | We consent to the dominant cultural view and our own oppression. We see our oppression as natural and fight to keep ourselves oppressed |
| Epistemology | The study of knowledge. Anti-positivist views say that knowledge comes from the humans that create it. Positivist views say knowledge is out there waiting to be discovered -- the perfect chair |
| Theocratic | An attempt to fit the empirical world into a conceptual framework we created (ie. The Declining Significance of Race and the culture of poverty) |
| Mysticism | The attempt to ignore the empirical world and focus solely on the conceptual (ie. Robert E. Park's race relation cycle of compete, conflict, accommodation, and assimilation) |
| Magical | The attempt to deal only with empirical world and ignore the conceptual. Data cannot interpret itself (ie. IQ test data and immigrants) |
| Lee, James, and Census significance | Race classifications change over time. Classifications are concerned with keeping whiteness "pure." Ethnic groups are forced into monoliths and lumped into race. Legal ramifications. |
| Ideology | The science of ideas |
| 3 types of ideology | 1. Coherent set of ideals, principles, goals, and methods to support a specific kind of social system. 2. As a form of power and domination (ie. cultural hegemony) 3. Beliefs, attitudes and values. Worldview. |
| Mannheim's Paradox | We cannot look at ideology without an ideological lens |
| Whiteness and the census | Court cases as people tried to become citizens by proving they were white. SCOTUS said you have to be both socially recognised and "biologically" white to be a citizen under the naturalization act |
| Racial pesoptimism | Combines ideas of progress and resistance. White people may like the idea of racial equality, but prevent any policies that support those ideals |
| Laissez-faire racism | Blames Black people for their group position |
| Frames of Color-Blind Racism | Abstract Liberalism, Naturalization, Cultural Racism, Minimization of Racism. They are all flexible and used in combination. |
| Abstract Liberalism | Use political and economic ideas of liberalism and the free market to explain away racism |
| Naturalization | Says racial phenomena are natural |
| Cultural Racism | Says minorities have a lower social standing because of their culture |
| Minimization of Racism | Says racism is no longer a factor in determining life chances |
| Silva and Race Talk | The style of ideology using linguistic mannerisms and rhetoric. No epithets. Denials and claims of ignorance. "Yes and No, but..." Anything but Race. "They are the Racists" (projection). Diminutives. Incoherence. |
| Mueller and the Theory of Racial Ignorance | Consciousness is defined by absence, too. White ignorance supports white dominance and color-blind racism |
| 5 Tenets of TRI | Epistemology of Ignorance, Ignorance as Ends-Based Technology, Corporate White Agency, Centrality of Praxis, and Interest Convergence |
| Epistemology of Ignorance | White people produce misunderstandings to boost their power |
| Ignorance as Ends-Based Technology | TRI functions to assert racial dominance without being "racist" by smothering POC's viewpoints and white pushback to racism. (ie. Fisher v. Texas and ending affirmative action) |
| Corporate White Agency | Whiteness functions institutionally to produce ignorance |
| Centrality of Praxis | What whites do and say to promote ignorance. Use tacit methods. Use the language of silence. The Theory AND Practice of ignorance (ie Obama and birtherism) |
| Interest Convergence | When and how changes occur. Will only help POC if it helps their interests -- racial sacrifice. |
| Freeman and Status Attire | Low-status attire was racialized as black and high-status attire was racialized as white |
| Ashburn-Nardo and Implicit Bias | Unidentified past experiences that lead to biased responses. Unconscious. Can predict racialized outcomes (ie. if shoot a Black unarmed person vs a white one) |
| Moral credentialing | Do one good thing so think you've proved you're unbiased. Used as an excuse to be discriminatory |
| Dasgupta Nationality and race | Whiteness implicitly assumed to be American. Often leads to discriminatory behavior |
| Richeson and Black male = threat stereotype | (Young) Black men are more likely to be implicitly and explicitly viewed as more dangerous than other men |
| Agnotology | The study of deliberate, culturally-induced ignorance/doubt |
| Agnoiology | The study of ignorance and what determines its quality, variation, and conditions |
| QAnon | A diverse group of white folks (a corporate group of whites) who participated in the Jan 6th insurrection and other conspiracy theories |
| Royster and the Invisible Hand | White men have an institutional network helping them in blue collar fields. Black men are pushed out by this network, under the guise of the invisible hand of the market |
| Employment discrimination | Whites receive greater callbacks regardless of where people live, industry, class, gender, education, equal opportunity employment, or felony conviction (Pager). Based on name (Bertrand) and appearance. |
| Institution | A persistent structure/social order that governs the behavior of a group |
| Race as a verb | Race happens as a process. See racialization |
| 2 Fold Institutional Process of Race | Institutions create meanings and locations of race, and racial meanings and locations shape the institution. (ie. basketball was seen as Jewish because it was in Jewish locations, and people who played well were assumed to be Jewish) |
| Racial Feedback Loops | Racial inequality is an interdependent system of dynamic causation. There is no primary cause. |
| Sui Generis | When people come together in organized activities, they create something bigger than the individuals themselves with emergent properties |
| Oliver and Shapiro and the Racial wealth gap | Huge gap, about 8c to every dollar. Happens because of racialized state policy, economic detour (low entrepreneurship and conspicuous consumption), and cumulative racial inequality |
| Seamster and Black Debt v White Debt | Debt as harm vs debt as an asset. Black people tend to have less debt, but the debt they have does not transfer to assets and is more likely to be punitive if they cannot pay it (ie. chapter 7 v. chapter 13 foreclosure) |
| ARMs/Subprime loans | Targetted poor black folk especially. Adjustable rate mortgages were cheap at first and then far too expensive, causing housing bubble collapse |
| Linkage | Similar genes show up in similar locations. Related to genetic drift. |
| Genetic drift | As populations of a species separate, certain genes become more prominent in certain groups. |
| Bell on Celebrities and Project (RED) | Celebrities share social capital that boost white saviorism in consumption philanthropy. |
| Hughey and White saviorism | In which white people feel morally superior to people of color and "save" them from their inferiority |
| Common denominations of white saviorism | Crossing the color/culture line, his saving grace, white suffering, white centrality, the Savior the Bad White and the Natives, the color of meritocracy, white civility v black savagery, and racialized historiography |
| Paternalism | A way of demeaning and talking down to others by infantilizing them |
| Hughey and the Five Is of Five-Os | Ideology: Racial essentialism say black people are violent Institution: Militarization = violence and social control Interests: Defending inequality Identity: Violence = White Belonging Interaction: Predator v Protect means less empathy for POC |
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HilowPeoples
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