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NURS 319: Ischemic
Chapter 16: Ischemic Heart Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| three layers of the heart | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| heart muscle contracts and pressure is highest in the blood vessels | systole |
| heart muscles relax and pressure is lowest in the blood vessels | diastole |
| pulmonary circuit is a low-pressure system where the blood moves towards the _____ for gas exchange | lungs |
| systemic circuit is a high-pressure system where blood moves towards _____ | heart |
| blood flow through the heart | inferior vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta |
| which coronary artery supplies the left ventricle and is most commonly involved in an MI? whats its nickname? | left coronary artery; "widowmaker" |
| average heart rate of each conduction system component | SA node: 60-100 bpm AV node: 40-60 bpm Bundle of His/ Purkinje Fibers: 30-40 bpm |
| 3 main ions involved in cardiac muscle action potentials are | calcium, sodium, and potassium |
| depolarization | contraction |
| repolarization | relaxation |
| what occurs when an action potential is interrupted by a second impulse? | dysrhythmias then absolute refractory period |
| what are the symptoms of decreased cardiac output observed with dysrhythmias? | sleepy, weak, tired, chest pain, pale, weak pulses |
| 5 waveforms on an EKG and what is occurring during the waveforms | P-wave: atria depolarization QRS: ventricle depolarization and atria repolarization T-wave: ventricle repolarization U-wave: Purkinje fibers contracting/ relaxing (not typically visible) |
| which waveform is evaluated during a myocardial infarction? | T-wave |
| a flattened T wave noticed on an EKG indicates | hypokalemia |
| if the SA impulse fails to be conducted, the ___ node takes over | AV |
| most common arrythmia in the clinical setting and can cause blood clot formation | atrial fibrillation |
| 3 main causes of myocardial ischemia | 1. coronary thrombosis 2. atherosclerotic plaque 3. coronary artery vasospasm |
| consistent, chronic chest pain that often occurs with physical or emotional stress. it is relieved by rest or vasodilators | stable angina |
| medical emergency as it could progress to an MI | unstable angina |
| variant of angina that occurs during rest from vasospasms | pectoris angina |
| classic signs of angina | chest pain with exertion, crushing pain on left side, sweating, dyspnea, pallor, pain does not change |
| common anginal equivalents and who most commonly experiences these symptoms? | dyspnea, feeling faint, epigastric pain, dizziness, extreme fatigue |
| the amount of damage from an MI depends on these 3 factors | 1. location 2. length of time 3. collateral circulation |
| 3 zones of a myocardial infarction | zone of infarction zone of injury zone of ischemia |
| partial coronary artery occlusion is known as a | NSTEMI |
| complete coronary artery occlusion is known as a | STEMI |
| which occlusion is most serious and why | STEMI- goes through entire heart wall |
| what changes would you see on an EKG with an NSTEMI vs. a STEMI? | NSTEMI: T-wave insertion, depressed ST-segment STEMI: ST segment elevation |
| how do unstable angina and MI differ? | STEMI: ST elevation NSTEMI: no ST elevation |
| 2 diagnostic tests are used together to confirm a myocardial infarction: | EKG and blood work |
| ischemic myocardial tissue that is damaged by normalized levels of oxygen and nutrients following an MI is called | reperfusion injury |
| endocarditis location, causes, and unique symptoms | endocardium, hands, and feet; IV drug use, prosthetic valves, GABHS; joint pain, Janeway legions, Osler's nodes, Roth spots |
| myocarditis location, causes, and unique symptoms | myocardium; viral; myalgias, arthralgias |
| pericarditis location, causes, and unique symptoms | pericardium and epicardium; MI, infection, radiation surgery; pericardial friction rub, chest pain worsens with deep breathing |
| what can be a worsening complication of a pericardial effusion? | cardiac tamponade |
| what does beck's triad indicate and what are the 3 symptoms? | cardiac tamponade; 1. distension of jugular veins 2. muffled heart sounds 3. low blood pressure |
Created by:
lcorlew1
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