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History Exam II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Mugwumps | Republican political activists who bolted from the United States Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884 |
| Theodore Roosevelt | 26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War |
| Progressivism | broad philosophy based on the Idea of Progress, which asserts that advancement in science, technology, economic development, and social organization are vital to improve the human condition |
| National Child Labor Committee | started in 1904 their goal was to pass legislation to outlaw child labor. This is one of the areas where women began to step into politics. |
| Muckrakers | characterized reform-minded American journalists who wrote largely for all popular magazines. They relied on their own investigative journalism reporting; often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption. |
| Henry Demarest Lloyd | U.S. journalist whose exposés of the abuses of industrial monopolies are classics of muckraking journalism |
| Lincoln Steffens | a muckraker journalist who exposed corrupt businessmen whose bribes and greed fueled the entire system of corruption |
| Initiative, referendum, recall | 1. people have the right to propose a new law. 2. a law passed by the legislature can be reference to the people for approval/veto. 3. the people can petition and vote to have an elected official removed from office |
| Frederick W. Taylor | an American mechanical engineer, widely known for his methods to improve industrial efficiency and one of the first management consultants |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Company | one of the earliest sweatshops in America. In 1911, the building caught on fire and killed 146 workers. This incident lead to the adoption of fire safety measures that served as a model for the whole country |
| Lochner v. New York | the Supreme Court ruled that a New York law setting maximum working hours for bakers was unconstitutional |
| Anna Howard Shaw | prominent advocate for the temperance movement, and dedicated to the cause of woman suffrage. Believed that prohibiting alcohol and all of its associated ills could only be done by enfranchising women with voting rights |
| Galveston Plan | introduced the city commission plan. It came about as a reaction to the Galveston hurricane of 1900. Business leaders did not believe the current city council was effective enough to provide a proper recovery effort. |
| City-manager plan | designed to combat corruption and unethical activity in local government by promoting effective management within a transparent, responsive, and accountable structure. |
| Robert LaFollette and the Wisconsin Idea | implementation of primary elections and a reform of the state's tax system. |
| The Bull Moose Party | Formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after a split in the Republican Party between him and President William Howard Taft. |
| Anti-Saloon League | unification of public anti-alcohol sentiment, enforcement of existing temperance laws, and enactment of further anti-alcohol legislation. |
| Coal Strike of 1902 | Roosevelt insisted that no one should own the miners. When the owners refused to arbitrate he threatened to send the army so they gave in. Roosevelt made sure the miners got a square deal. |
| Northern Securities Company | was a short-lived American railroad trust formed in 1901 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan and their associates. It was the first example of Roosevelt's use of anti-trust legislation to dismantle a monopoly |
| The Elkins Act of 1903 | a federal law that forbade the common railroad industry practice of offering rebates for large-volume shippers |
| Upton Sinclair | a famous novelist and social crusader from California, who pioneered the kind of journalism known as "muckraking." His best-known novel was "The Jungle" which was an expose of the appalling and unsanitary conditions in the meat-packing industry. |
| Jane Addams | cofounded and led Hull House, one of the first settlement houses in North America. Hull House provided child care, practical and cultural training and education, and other services to the largely immigrant population of its Chicago neighbourhood. |
| The Meat Inspection Act | an act that prevented adulterated or misbranded meat and meat products from being sold as food and to ensure that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions. |
| The Pure Food and Drug Act | prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce and laid a foundation for the nation's first consumer protection agency, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). |
| William Howard Taft | American jurist and statesman who served as both the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief Justice of the United States. Took control of the Republican Party away from Theodore Roosevelt and the liberals. |
| Sixteenth Amendment | Created the federal income tax |
| Seventeenth Amendment | Changed the method for electing senators |
| "Square Deal" | Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, which reflected his three major goals: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | revitalized the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and played a leading role in its successful campaign to win voting rights for women |
| "New Nationalism" speech | speech written by Theodore Roosevelt in which he attempted to reconcile the liberal and conservative wings of the Republican Party |
| Woodrow Wilson | hanged the nation's economic policies and led the United States into World War I in 1917. He was the leading architect of the League of Nations, also wrote a speech titled the Fourteen Points |
| "New Freedom" | Woodrow Wilson's campaign platform in the 1912 presidential election, and also refers to the progressive programs enacted by Wilson during his time as president |
| Federal Trade Commission | its purpose was to prevent unfair methods of competition in commerce as part of the battle to “bust the trusts.” Over the years, Congress passed additional laws giving the agency greater authority to police anticompetitive practices. |
| The Federal Reserve Act | the central bank of the United States, provides the nation with a safe, flexible, and stable monetary and financial system. |
| Clayton Anti-trust Act | making sure that companies behave themselves and that there is fair competition in the marketplace, which, according to economic theory, should lead to lower prices, better quality, greater innovation, and wider choice. |
| Missionary Diplomacy | the policy of US President Woodrow Wilson that Washington had a moral responsibility to deny diplomatic recognition to any Latin American government that was not democratic |
| Victoriano Huerta | significantly increased spending for education particularly for indigenous Mexicans, set up an agricultural ministry, favored British oil interests (they recognized his regime) over those of the U.S., and established a National Labor Office. |
| Tampico Incident | a minor incident involving U.S. Navy sailors and the Mexican Federal Army loyal to Mexican dictator General Victoriano Huerta. On April 9, 1914, nine sailors had come ashore to secure supplies and were detained by Mexican forces. |
| Occupation of Veracruz | Was a response to the Tampico Affair of April 9, 1914, where Mexican forces had detained nine American sailors. The occupation further worsened relations, and led to widespread anti-Americanism in Mexico. |
| Pancho Villa | was a Mexican revolutionary and general in the Mexican Revolution. He was a key figure in the revolutionary movement that forced out President Porfirio Díaz and brought Francisco I. Madero to power in 1911 |
| Franz Ferdinand | an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia and, from 1896 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne. His death caused WW1 |
| Economic Alliances | free-trade agreements, which allow for tax, tariff and quota-free trade between member countries in goods and/or services. These include: The EU, between 28 member states. NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), between the USA, Mexico and Canada. |
| Central v. Allied Powers | one group consisted of France, UK, Russia, US, Italy and Japan and the other consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria during WW1 |
| Lusitania | was a British passenger ship. Built for the transatlantic passenger trade, it was luxurious and noted for its speed. During World War I the Lusitania was sunk by a German torpedo, resulting in great loss of life |
| German U-boats | German submarines. These submarines were developed by the Germans to fight the British during the world wars. |
| Naval Reconstruction Act | called for the construction of ten 42,000 ton battleships, six battlecruisers, ten scout cruisers, fifty destroyers, and sixty-seven submarines. The plan was to start construction in 1919 and have the fleet completed by 1923 |
| Preparedness | a state of readiness, especially for war |
| National Security League | introduced compulsory military training, increase the size of the United States Army, and mandate government control over the economy to increase war preparedness. |
| Henry Cabot Lodge | As a senator, he took a more active role in foreign policy, supporting the Spanish–American War, expansion of American territory overseas, and American entry into World War I. |
| Irreconcilable | representing findings or points of view that are so different from each other that they cannot be made compatible. Senators who opposed the Treaty of Versailles were called this |
| Longview Race riot | one of the many race riots in 1919 in the United States during what became known as Red Summer, a period after World War I known for numerous riots occurring mostly in urban areas. |
| Zimmermann Telegram | alliance between Mexico and Germany, eventually pressuring America to join the war |
| John J. Pershing | successfully led American and French forces in an offensive against the German line in the Saint-Mihiel salient |
| Herbert Hoover | led the American Relief Administration, which provided food to the starving millions in Central and Eastern Europe, especially Russia. |
| War Industries Board | coordinate and channel production in the United States by setting priorities, fixing prices, and standardizing products to support the war efforts of the United States and its allies |
| George Creel | the mastermind behind the U.S. government's propaganda campaign in the Great War |
| Espionage Act of 1917 | sought to crack down on wartime activities considered dangerous or disloyal, including attempts to acquire defense-related information with the intent to harm the United States |
| Sedition Act of 1918 | imposed harsh penalties for a wide range of dissenting speech, including speech abusing the U.S. government, the flag, the Constitution, and the military |
| Bolsheviks and V. Lenin | wanted to overthrow the Russian government and replace it with a Marxist communist government with socialism |
| Meuse-Argonne offensive | was a major part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire Western Front. |
| Battle of Verdun | World War I engagement in which the French repulsed a major German offensive |
| The Fourteen Points | included Wilson's ideas regarding nations' conduct of foreign policy, including freedom of the seas and free trade and the concept of national self-determination |
| League of Nations | formed to prevent a repetition of the First World War, but within two decades this effort failed |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | was a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire), that ended Russia's participation in World War I. |
| Paris Peace Conference | was an international meeting convened in January 1919 at Versailles just outside Paris. The purpose of the meeting was to establish the terms of the peace after World War. |
| Article X | required members to assist any other member nation in the event of an invasion or attack, was a lightning rod for opposition in America. |
| Reservationists | led by Senator Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts, wanted amendments added to the treaty before approving it |
| Red Scare | form of moral panic provoked by fear of the rise, supposed or real, of leftist ideologies in a society, especially communism. |
| The Sacco and Vanzetti Case | personified the targets of the Red Scare: immigrants and radicals. In addition, both had avoided the draft during the war and had firearms and anarchist pamphlets in their possession when arrested. |
| The Second Ku Klux Klan | its army of four-to-six-million members spanning the continent from New Jersey to Oregon, its ideology of intolerance shaping the course of mainstream national politics throughout the twentieth century |
| Earle B. Mayfield | was the first U.S. Senator to be widely considered by the voters to be a member of the revived KKK in the 1920s. Quietly accepted KKK support but never said he had joined. |
| Scopes Monkey Trial | a case about a high school teacher, John T. Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which had made it illegal for teachers to teach human evolution in any state-funded school. |
| The Great Migration | to escape racial violence, pursue economic and educational opportunities, and obtain freedom from the oppression of Jim Crow |
| Marcus Garvey | founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Had the idea blacks shouldn't ideal to white ideas and should be independent |
| NAACP | achieve equity, political rights, and social inclusion by advancing policies and practices that expand human and civil rights, eliminate discrimination, and accelerate the well-being, education, and economic security of pocs |
| The Lost Generation | to refer to the post-World War I generation. The generation was “lost” in the sense that its inherited values were no longer relevant in the postwar world |
| A. Mitchell Palmer | oversaw the Palmer Raids during the Red Scare of 1919–20. |
| Modernist movement | a global movement in society and culture that from the early decades of the twentieth century sought a new alignment with the experience and values of modern industrial life |
| Ernest Hemingway | he instead decided to put his writing skills to good use by signing on as a war correspondent for Collier's magazine |
| John Steinbeck | his novel The Grapes of Wrath was intended to personalize the injustice dealt to many migrants on the road during the Great Depression. He succeeded in raising awareness, which became the impetus for political activist movement |
| Thomas Wolfe | best known for his first book, Look Homeward, Angel (1929), and his other autobiographical novels. |
| William Faulkner | best remembered for his novels The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), Sanctuary (1931), and Absalom, Absalom! (1936). |
| Prohibition | legal prevention of the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages in the United States from 1920 to 1933 (18th amendment) |
| Alice Paul | one of the most prominent activists of the 20th-century women's rights movement. An outspoken suffragist and feminist, she tirelessly led the charge for women's suffrage and equal rights in the United States |
| Margaret Sanger | helped create birth control |
| Eighteenth Amendment | alcohol prohibition |
| Nineteenth Amendment | women's suffrage - the right of women to vote in elections |
| Spanish Flu | a new influenza A virus that spread easily and infected people throughout the world. infected about 500 mill people globally |
| Harlem Renaissance | artistic and cultural activity among African Americans between the end of World War I (1917) and the onset of the Great Depression and lead up to World War II (the 1930s). |
| Red Summer | An outbreak of racial violence , affected at least 26 US cities |
| New Woman/flappers | when women begin to wear shorter clothing and became educated, enlightened, and social conscious |
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