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Chapter 2 Vocab
Morphology, Morphemes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Orthographic word | the same word, spelled the same way |
| Grammatical word | A word which is spelled the same but which bears different grammatical features. |
| word | An abstract sign that is the smallest grammatically independent unit of language. |
| Simple Words | Cannot be broken down any further. They consist of only a single morpheme. |
| Complex words | have more than one part (are comprised of more than one morpheme) |
| Morpheme | The smallest unit of language that combines both a form (usually its sound) and meaning (where meaning is broadly construed to include grammatical meaning and concepts like PLURAL, PROGRESSIVE, etc.) |
| Concept = | Meaning = Signified |
| Sound Image = | Form = Signifier |
| Justifying the Analysis | try to find 3 or more examples of the proposed morpheme, to reassure yourself that the analysis is plausible |
| Checking Analysis | -Check similarity of form, allowing for allomorphy -Check similarity of function -Check similarity of distribution |
| root | the most basic form of a lexical morpheme, before any morphological operation has applied to it |
| Affixes | bound morphemes which attach to the root or base in some way |
| Affixes that precede the root are | prefixes |
| Affixes that follow the root are | suffixes |
| Affixes are | Bound (they cannot occur as independent words) |
| Words must be built up in particular ways, according to the | Distributional properties of the affix and the semantics of the word |
| Most roots will be | free morphemes |
| Morphology can often fall into | etymology (word origins) |
| Acronyms | Formation of words based on the first letter or letters of other words, pronounced as a word. Compare initialism. |
| Affixation | Addition of an affix |
| Analogy | Usually a historical process in which words change form based on a pattern |
| Backformation | Creation of a new word based on reanalysis of a longer word, using regular rules of word formation. |
| Bacronym | A pre-existing word for which an acronym is devised. |
| Blend | Formation of a new word by combining their non-morphemic parts into a pronounceable whole |
| Borrowing | Taking a word from a foreign language |
| Calque | A loan translation, but which uses native roots to translate the foreign concept. |
| Clipping | Shortening of a multisyllabic word/phrase into a shorter one |
| Cliticization | A morpheme which must occur attached to a host word for phonological reasons |
| Coinage | Creation of new morpheme or word from scratch |
| Compounding | Combination of two or more existing words into a complex word |
| Conversion | Shift in word class with no other change |
| Derivation | Affixation which changes meaning and/or grammatical category |
| Eponymy | Process by which a proper noun becomes a common noun. |
| Initialism | USA, FBI, IRS, ABC, UMW |
| Internal Change | A change within the morpheme to indicate change in grammatical contrast |
| Libfix | A formerly bound affix now used freely |
| Morphological Misanalysis | Change due to missegmentation or reanalysis |
| Reduplication | Formation of a word by copying all or part of the stem |
| Semantic Change | The semantic denotation shifts with no overt change in form |
| Stress and tone placement | Use of prosodic changes to indicate change in word or word class |
| Suppletion | Replacement of one morpheme by another, historically unrelated morpheme to show grammatical contrast |
| Taboo Deformation | Change of a taboo word to less offensive form |
| Isolating languages | Have close to a 1:1 ratio between word and morpheme |
| Agglutinative languages | Can concatenate many morphemes, but each morpheme is clear in its singular meaning |
| Inflectional languages | Use affixes which often have multiple pieces of grammatical information encoded on them |
| Polysynthetic languages | Use more than one lexeme in a word |
| trial | three and only three plurals |
| singular | only one plural |
| dual | two and only two plurals |
| Paucal | a few plurals |
| Greater plural | a very great number of |
| Collective plurals | groups of things |
| Associative plural | X and those associated with X |
| noun class system | words must inflectionally agree with respect to the noun class |
| Case | A grammatical affix that usually marks a noun’s role within the sentence |
| Nouns usually mark | The relation of the noun to the verb |
| nominative | subject |
| accusative | direct object |
| dative | indirect object |
| Case can also indicate | the relation of a noun to another noun |
| genitive | possession |
| ablative | location |
| Tense refers to | the time in which an action occurs |
| Aspect refers to | Ways of relating to a verb’s action. |
| Two common aspects are the | perfect and the progressive |
| Perfect refers to | completed action |
| Progressive aspect refers to | ongoing action |
| semelfactive | it occurred once |
| Frequentative | it occurred frequently |
| Habitual | it occurs regularly |
| Indicative mood | a declarative assertion |
| Interrogative mood | a question |
| Imperative mood | a command |
| Subjunctive mood | Optative, Conditional, Doubt |
| Evidentiality | affixes that indicate how a speaker knows something |
Created by:
KenzieMWallace105
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