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Patho Chap 7

Electrolyte Imbalances

QuestionAnswer
HYPOvolemic HYPOnatremia symptoms/ signs excess sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, thirst, hypotension, tachycardia, neurological disorders
HYPERvolemic HYPOnatremia signs/ symptoms headache, lethargy, confusion, seizure, coma
causes of HYPOvolemic HYPOnatremia adrenal insufficiency, osmotic diuresis, diuretic use primary GI: excess sweating, diarrhea, vomiting
causes of HYPERvolemic HYPOnatremia syndrome of inappropriate ADH
hypernatremia with water retention signs/ symptoms edema, weight gain, hypertension, mental changes, pulmonary edema
hypernatremia with water loos signs/ symptoms decreased skin tugor, decreased reflexes, weak & thready pulse, flushed skin
causes of hypernatremia (4 D's) drains like NGT suction and vomiting, diuretics, diarrhea, and diaphoresis
HYPOmagnesmia signs/ symptoms tetany, Chvostek's sign, Trousseau's sign, cardiac arrythmias, respiratory muscle paralysis, heart block and coma
HYPERmagnesmia signs/ symptoms hypoflexia, muscle weakness, hypotension , arrythmais, severe MG+ levels = cardiac arrest
HYPOmagnesmia causes (CRAY) consumption of alcohol in excess, really large fluid loss, antibiotics, young mothers (high risk for malnutrition)
HYPERmagnesmia causes (DARK) DKA, antacids, renal failure, K+ excess
HYPOkalemia signs/ symptoms anorexia, sluggish bowl, prolonged PR interval, flattened T wave, prominent U wave
HYPOkalemia causes ( 4 D's) dehydration, diuretics, diarrhea, drains (NGT suction)
HYPERkalemia signs/ symptoms intestinal cramping, numbness and tingling in extremities, diziness, tall peaked T wave, wide QRS complexes, risk of cardiac arrest
HYPERkalemia cuases (MACHINE) medication (ACE inhibitors), acidosis, cellular disruption (burns/ trauma), hypoaldosternomism, increase of K+ intake, nephrons (broken), excretion problems
HYPOcalemia signs/ symptoms paresthesia's around face, feet, & hands, seizures, hypotension, arrythmias, Chvostek's sign, Trousseau's sign
HYPERcalemia signs/ symptoms muscle flaccidity, bone tenderness, decreased activity of bowl, ventricular arrhythmias, dulled consciousness
HYPOcalcemia causes ( LOW CALI) low parathyroidism, oral meds (laxatives), wound drainage, chronic diseases, antibiotics, low vitamin D, increased phosphate levels in the body
HYPERcalemia causes (HAM) hyperparathyroidism, antacids, malignant cancer cells
HYPOphosphatemia signs/ symptoms tremors, lack of coordination, bone pain, osteomalacia, hypoflexia
HYPERphosphatemia paresthesia's, muscle cramps, tetany, hypotension, cardiac arrythmias
HYPOphosphatemia causes ( VPP) vomiting, pee, poo
HYPERphosphatemia causes excess vitamin D, hyparathyroidism, low calcium, low secretion from kidney
adult body weight is how much 60%
where is fluid located? intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid
extracellular fluid can be found in the following places? primary saline as Na & H20 in vascular compartment and interstitial fluid between cells of between cells and capillaries
what protein is responsible for movement of water into and out of the vessels? albumin
what type of solution has an equal distribution of sodium and water in both the ICF and ECF isotonic
why would you give an isotonic type of fluid to a patient to build volume
give an example of isotonic fluid ringer's lactate
what type of solution has a lower tonicity (sodium level) or solute concentration than what is found inside the cell? hypotonic
why would you give a hypotonic solution to someone? if they are dehydrated
what type of solution has a higher tonicity (sodium level) or solute concentration that what is found outside the cell in the blood vessel? hypertonic
why would you give someone a hypertonic solution edema
osmosis water moving from a lesser concentration solution into a more concentrated until equilibrium is reached
diffusion movement of ions and molecules from a high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached
filtration process by which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains solid particles
active transport molecules moving from an area of low to high concentration requiring the use of ATP
sodium potassium pump maintain a resting membrane potential
which type of pressure comes from the heart in the arteries and pushes water out of the capillaries and into the ISF? hydrostatic pressure
what two pressures help to pull water back into the vessels from the interstitial fluid on the venule side of the capillary? osmotic pressure and oncotic pressure
if excess fluid is left in the interstitial space due to a problem with hydrostatic, oncotic or osmotic pressuse this will casue what condition? edema
label the hormones of RAAS renin, angiotensin, aldosterone system
what hormone is stimulated by the posterior pituitary gland when the blood pressure is low and causes the kidneys to retain water in the blood to help elevate BP? aldosterone
what hormone is released when there is too much fluid sensed in the right atrium of the heart which stimulates diuresis? atrial natriuretic peptide
what hormone is released when blood vessels in the brain and the left ventricle of the heart sense excess fluid in the vessels which stimulates diuresis? brain natriuretic peptide
who is at the greated risk for dehydration (hypovolemia) infants & children - because they are most vulnerable to diarrhea and vomiting
list some causes of dehydration/ hypovolemia reduced fluid intake, reduced ADH or kidneys not responsive to ADH, osmosis dieresis
symptoms of dehydration/ hypovolemia thirst, weight loss, low urine output poor skin tugor
greatest risk for retaining fluid elderly people
causes of fluid overload? taking in too many fluids
symptoms of retaining fluid/ hypervolemia swelling in abdomen, cramping, headache, stomach bloating, shortness in breath, bounding pulse
Created by: sammy.e7
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