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Patho Chap 7
Electrolyte Imbalances
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| HYPOvolemic HYPOnatremia symptoms/ signs | excess sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, thirst, hypotension, tachycardia, neurological disorders |
| HYPERvolemic HYPOnatremia signs/ symptoms | headache, lethargy, confusion, seizure, coma |
| causes of HYPOvolemic HYPOnatremia | adrenal insufficiency, osmotic diuresis, diuretic use primary GI: excess sweating, diarrhea, vomiting |
| causes of HYPERvolemic HYPOnatremia | syndrome of inappropriate ADH |
| hypernatremia with water retention signs/ symptoms | edema, weight gain, hypertension, mental changes, pulmonary edema |
| hypernatremia with water loos signs/ symptoms | decreased skin tugor, decreased reflexes, weak & thready pulse, flushed skin |
| causes of hypernatremia (4 D's) | drains like NGT suction and vomiting, diuretics, diarrhea, and diaphoresis |
| HYPOmagnesmia signs/ symptoms | tetany, Chvostek's sign, Trousseau's sign, cardiac arrythmias, respiratory muscle paralysis, heart block and coma |
| HYPERmagnesmia signs/ symptoms | hypoflexia, muscle weakness, hypotension , arrythmais, severe MG+ levels = cardiac arrest |
| HYPOmagnesmia causes (CRAY) | consumption of alcohol in excess, really large fluid loss, antibiotics, young mothers (high risk for malnutrition) |
| HYPERmagnesmia causes (DARK) | DKA, antacids, renal failure, K+ excess |
| HYPOkalemia signs/ symptoms | anorexia, sluggish bowl, prolonged PR interval, flattened T wave, prominent U wave |
| HYPOkalemia causes ( 4 D's) | dehydration, diuretics, diarrhea, drains (NGT suction) |
| HYPERkalemia signs/ symptoms | intestinal cramping, numbness and tingling in extremities, diziness, tall peaked T wave, wide QRS complexes, risk of cardiac arrest |
| HYPERkalemia cuases (MACHINE) | medication (ACE inhibitors), acidosis, cellular disruption (burns/ trauma), hypoaldosternomism, increase of K+ intake, nephrons (broken), excretion problems |
| HYPOcalemia signs/ symptoms | paresthesia's around face, feet, & hands, seizures, hypotension, arrythmias, Chvostek's sign, Trousseau's sign |
| HYPERcalemia signs/ symptoms | muscle flaccidity, bone tenderness, decreased activity of bowl, ventricular arrhythmias, dulled consciousness |
| HYPOcalcemia causes ( LOW CALI) | low parathyroidism, oral meds (laxatives), wound drainage, chronic diseases, antibiotics, low vitamin D, increased phosphate levels in the body |
| HYPERcalemia causes (HAM) | hyperparathyroidism, antacids, malignant cancer cells |
| HYPOphosphatemia signs/ symptoms | tremors, lack of coordination, bone pain, osteomalacia, hypoflexia |
| HYPERphosphatemia | paresthesia's, muscle cramps, tetany, hypotension, cardiac arrythmias |
| HYPOphosphatemia causes ( VPP) | vomiting, pee, poo |
| HYPERphosphatemia causes | excess vitamin D, hyparathyroidism, low calcium, low secretion from kidney |
| adult body weight is how much | 60% |
| where is fluid located? | intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid |
| extracellular fluid can be found in the following places? | primary saline as Na & H20 in vascular compartment and interstitial fluid between cells of between cells and capillaries |
| what protein is responsible for movement of water into and out of the vessels? | albumin |
| what type of solution has an equal distribution of sodium and water in both the ICF and ECF | isotonic |
| why would you give an isotonic type of fluid to a patient | to build volume |
| give an example of isotonic fluid | ringer's lactate |
| what type of solution has a lower tonicity (sodium level) or solute concentration than what is found inside the cell? | hypotonic |
| why would you give a hypotonic solution to someone? | if they are dehydrated |
| what type of solution has a higher tonicity (sodium level) or solute concentration that what is found outside the cell in the blood vessel? | hypertonic |
| why would you give someone a hypertonic solution | edema |
| osmosis | water moving from a lesser concentration solution into a more concentrated until equilibrium is reached |
| diffusion | movement of ions and molecules from a high concentration to low concentration until equilibrium is reached |
| filtration | process by which solid particles in a liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by a filter medium that permits the fluid to pass through but retains solid particles |
| active transport | molecules moving from an area of low to high concentration requiring the use of ATP |
| sodium potassium pump | maintain a resting membrane potential |
| which type of pressure comes from the heart in the arteries and pushes water out of the capillaries and into the ISF? | hydrostatic pressure |
| what two pressures help to pull water back into the vessels from the interstitial fluid on the venule side of the capillary? | osmotic pressure and oncotic pressure |
| if excess fluid is left in the interstitial space due to a problem with hydrostatic, oncotic or osmotic pressuse this will casue what condition? | edema |
| label the hormones of RAAS | renin, angiotensin, aldosterone system |
| what hormone is stimulated by the posterior pituitary gland when the blood pressure is low and causes the kidneys to retain water in the blood to help elevate BP? | aldosterone |
| what hormone is released when there is too much fluid sensed in the right atrium of the heart which stimulates diuresis? | atrial natriuretic peptide |
| what hormone is released when blood vessels in the brain and the left ventricle of the heart sense excess fluid in the vessels which stimulates diuresis? | brain natriuretic peptide |
| who is at the greated risk for dehydration (hypovolemia) | infants & children - because they are most vulnerable to diarrhea and vomiting |
| list some causes of dehydration/ hypovolemia | reduced fluid intake, reduced ADH or kidneys not responsive to ADH, osmosis dieresis |
| symptoms of dehydration/ hypovolemia | thirst, weight loss, low urine output poor skin tugor |
| greatest risk for retaining fluid | elderly people |
| causes of fluid overload? | taking in too many fluids |
| symptoms of retaining fluid/ hypervolemia | swelling in abdomen, cramping, headache, stomach bloating, shortness in breath, bounding pulse |
Created by:
sammy.e7
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