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US history Ch 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Sand Creek Massacre | A rapid industrial development after the Civil War that led to western expansion. Americans ignored land inhabited by American Indians and Indian settlements were attacked. Then, the Colorado militia attacked the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians, killing many |
| Sitting Bull | A war chief and important spiritual leader of Sioux warriors. He destroyed General Armstrong Custer's force in battle of Little Big horn. Fought to be united to resist domination by the white. Surrendered to army and lived on reserve where he was killed |
| Wounded Knee | Massacre that slaughtered 150-300 Lakota Indians by US troops, located in South Dakota. Sitting Bull was a Lakota leader at the time. Many were killed in efforts to suppress religious movement. |
| Helen Hunt Jackson | Born in Amherst, MA, significant writer of poetry and other novels such as "Century of Dishonor" and Ramona. Stood up against mistreatment of Native Americans. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | Utah made it possible to travel by train from NY-Cali in 10 days. Central Pacific west- east, hired China workers, Union Pacific east-west, were former slaves, Irish immigrants. fed gov supported, work caused disease and issues. Made nation smaller |
| Homestead Act | An 1862 law that gave 160 acres of land to citizens willing to live on and cultivate it for 5 years. Encouraged settlement in West, farming life was difficult cuz of money and storms. |
| Spoils System | Government gives jobs to their supporters after they win the election, some powerful positions to work. Most had no skill or background in position they were given. |
| Las Goras Blancas | Group of Mexican Americans in New Mexico, who attempted to protect land and way of life from invasion of white landowners. Would target property of ranch owners (cut holes in barbed wire fences and burn houses). Were supported KoL. |
| Klondike Gold Rush | 1876, William Seward bought Alaska from Russia. Alaska was filled with natural resources like timber and oil. Mid 1880s gold was discovered near Alaska. Gold rush ended in 1899 due to lack of transportation and environmental changes. |
| Gold Standard | Monetary policy rose independent political parties that disagreed with major parties' commitment to gold standard. Policy of designating monetary units in terms of value. Countries agreed to paper money in fixed amount of gold. Paper money backed by Gov$ |
| Political Machines | Organization that wins voter loyalty and guarantees power to a small group of leaders. Larger cities political machines run by "bosses" or small group. Political machines controlled cities for decades (Tammany Hall, NYC).Won loyalty by promising solutions |
| Oliver H Kelley | Minnesota farmer, businessman, journalist and gov clerk. Worked for Department of Agriculture who worked to improve farmers lives and agricultural industry. Recognized need to bring farmers together to protect livelihoods, served as 1stsecretary of Grange |
| Grange | First successful farming organization formed after the civil war, "Patrons of Husbandry" founded in 1867, organized by Oliver Kelly. Goals were to provide education on new farming techniques and call for regulation of railroad and grain elevator rates. |
| Farmers Alliance | American agricultural movement (Texas) Goal to form cooperatives, increase money supply, gov regulation railroads, reform land ownership. Purpose- improve economic conditions for farmers. Mill established storehouses- allowed farmers spend less goods |
| Populist (People's) Party | 1891 formed to advocate larger money supply and other economic reforms. Goals to warn people of dangers of political corruption, inadequate monetary supply & unresponsive gov. Proposed remedies to issues, James Weaver as pres. candidate |
| William Jennings Bryan | Established law practice in Nebraska, ran for congress(1890)and was commended for debating skills. Supported populist ideals (coining silver)- a voice for ordinary ppl. Pres. candidate for democratic party (36 y/o). First to tour country, lost to McKinley |
| William McKinley | Served 2 terms as Governor of Ohio. Elected president in 1897 and US thrived. Focused on high tariffs & life of Americans. Led US through Spanish American war, gave Spain ultimatum, war declared after a month. Treaty was signed, later shot while on tour |
| Depression of 1893 | 4 year economic financial depression, caused by Sherman Silver Purchase Act, Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Closing, Banks Closing. These events were a catalyst of unemployment & financial decline for US |
| Open Range Farming | Farmer or ranches let livestock roam vast areas of land. Developed by Mexicans in Texas, efficient for raising livestock. Livestock marked to be identified, no fences. Spring came, cowboys round up cattle. Ended in 1880s factories invention of barbed wire |
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act | 1890, fed gov required to purchase silver to mint into coins, then exchanged for gold from US treasury. New mines made gold traded rapidly so silver value declined, mines closed and men lost jobs |
| Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Closing | Railroad went bankrupt bc of unnecessary tracks being built. Investors lost money and men lost jobs. Many other railroads has similar problems. |
| Banks closing | Since many were unemployed, people went to banks to take money and loans. There wasn't enough money to lend so banks went out of business |
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GenungS
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