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Prog Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Progressivism | various reform movements that sought to raise the living standards and correct problems in American society. |
| Vertical integration | owning or controlling all factors of production from raw materials to finished product to reduce cost and dominate an industry. |
| Horizontal integration | Merging of companies to form a monopoly in a specific industry. Ex: John D. Rockefeller used Standard Oil to buy other oil companies and created a monopoly. |
| Monopolies | when one company dominates or controls an entire industry leading to a lack of innovation and alternate goods. |
| Trust | a legal body created to hold stock in many companies, often within one industry resulting in a practical monopoly. |
| Muckrakers | writers who exposed problems in society or corruption in government and business |
| Jacob Riis | journalist and photographer who exposed the conditions of the tenements in the book “How the Other Half Lives.” |
| Thomas Nast | political cartoonist famous for his campaign against the corruption of Boss Tweed. |
| Upton Sinclair | novelist who exposed the unsanitary conditions and practices of the meat packing industry in “The Jungle.” |
| Lincoln Steffens | journalist who exposed corruption of city governments. |
| Ida Tarbell | teacher and journalist who wrote a book exposing the unfair practices of monopolies, specifically John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil. |
| Nelly Bly | journalist who exposed the harsh treatment of patients in mental institutions by faking insanity |
| Lewis Hine | photographer and crusader against child labor |
| Éxposes | The History of the Standard Oil Company (Ida Tarbell), How the Other Half Lives (Jacob Riis), The Jungle (Upton Sinclair) |
| Reformers | those who worked directly within a cause or movement aimed at reforming a perceived problem. |
| “Mother” Jones | labor and community organizer who helped start the IWW labor union and fought for workers rights. |
| Jane Addams | founder of Hull House in Chicago and the settlement house movement that assisted poor immigrants in the US. Winner of Nobel Peace Prize. |
| Carrie Nation | leader in the Temperance movement that would eventually ban alcohol because of its negative effects on society. |
| John Muir | early American conservationist and environmentalist who founded the Sierra Club and worked to create national parks such as Yosemite. |
| Susan B. Anthony | leader in the women’s suffrage movement who worked for civil rights for women & an early leader of the National American Woman Suffrage Assoc. (NAWSA) |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | President of the NAWSA that worked for passage of the 19th Amendment |
| Alice Paul | Founder of the National Woman's Party. Smaller than the NAWSA it staged more radical public protests for voting rights. |
| Samuel Gompers | founder and President of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) a craft workers union that became the labor movement's strongest voice. |
| Eugene V. Debs | socialist labor leader and Presidential candidate in 5 elections. |
| Al Smith | a reform minded NYS politician who pushed through worker safety laws promoted by unions after the Triangle Factory Fire. |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Republican – President of US from 1901-1909 |
| William Howard Taft | Republican – President of US from 1909-1913 |
| Woodrow Wilson | Democrat – President of US from 1913-1921 |
| Square Deal | Roosevelt’s philosophy and attempt at fairness for workers, consumers and business. |
| Meat Inspection Act | created government program to inspect meatpacking industry |
| Pure Food and Drug Act | ban the sale of impure food and medicine |
| Sherman AntiTrust Act | law that made it illegal for corporations to gain control of industries by forming trusts. It was used to break up Standard Oil and other trusts. |
| Conservation & Forest Service efforts | controlling the use of natural resources and preventing environmental damage. Roosevelt put restrictions on the use of public land and created national monuments like the Grand Canyon. |
| 16th Amendment | gave Congress the power to create a tax on personal income. Originally aimed at the richest people in America. |
| 17th Amendment | allowed for the direct election of senators in each state giving voters more power in the national government. |
| Clayton Antitrust Act | strengthened Sherman Antitrust Act and legalized labor strikes. |
| Federal Reserve Act | Law that created the modern US banking system with the Federal Reserve setting interest rates and regulating banks. |
| 18th Amendment | enforced Prohibition (ban the production, transport and sale of alcohol in the US) |
| 19th Amendment | granted women the right to vote. |
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