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Gov Chapters 5-7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bicameral legislature | a legislature with two chambers |
| Session | a Congressional meeting lasting one year |
| Census | a population headcount at the dawn of each new decade |
| Reapportionment | the process of reassigning the amount of representation a particular area gets based on population after each census |
| Redistricting | to set up a new voting district after reapportionment is complete |
| Gerrymandering | to draw a district's boundaries to gain an advantage in elections |
| Censure | a vote of formal disapproval of a Congressman or Congresswoman's actions |
| Incumbent | an elected official who was already in office |
| Constituent | a person whom a member of Congress has been elected to represent |
| Caucus | a private meeting of party leaders to choose candidates for office |
| Succession | the action of process of inheriting a title or office |
| Majority leader | the Speaker's top assistant whose job is to help plan the majority party's legislative program and steer important bills through the House |
| Whip | an assistant to the party floor leader in the legislature |
| Bill | a proposed law |
| Calendar | a schedule that lists the order in which bills will be considered in Congress |
| Concurrent jurisdiction | authority shared by two or more committees |
| Quorum | the minimum number of members who must be present to permit a legislative body to take official action |
| President pro tempore | a Senate member elected by the Senate who stands in as Senate president in absence of the Vice President |
| Unanimous consent | a motion by all members of the Senate who are present to set aside formal rules and consider a bill from the calendar |
| Hold | a motion placed on a bill in the Senate that alerts party leaders that if unanimous consent were to be sought, they would object |
| Filibuster | an effort made by the minority party to "talk a bill to death" |
| Cloture resolution | a procedure that allows each Senator to speak only one hour on a bill under debate |
| Standing committee | a permanent committee in Congress that oversees bills dealing with particular kinds of issues |
| Subcommittee | a group within a standing committee that specializes in a subcategory of its' standing committee's expertise |
| Select committee | a temporary committee formed to study one specific issue and report its findings to the House or Senate |
| Joint committee | a committee consisting of members from both the House and the Senate, formed to act as a study group to report back to Congress on their findings |
| Conference committee | a temporary committee set up when the House and Senate pass different versions of a bill to amend discrepancies between them |
| Seniority system | a system that gives the member of the majority party with the longest uninterrupted service on a particular committee the leadership of that committee |
| Personal staff | the people who work directly for individual Senators and Representatives |
| Committee staff | the people who work for House and Senate committees |
| Administrative assistant | a member of a lawmaker's personal staff who runs their office, supervises their schedule, and offers advice |
| Legislative assistant | a member of a lawmaker's personal staff who makes certain that the lawmaker is well informed about the proposed legislation |
| Caseworker | a member of a lawmaker's personal staff who handles requests for help from constituents |
| Expressed/enumerated powers | powers directly stated in the Constitution |
| Necessary and proper clause | Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress additional power beyond those states to make laws necessary and proper for carrying out its duties |
| Implied powers | powers the government requires to carry out its expressed constitutional powers |
| Revenue bill | a law for raising money that begins in the House of Representatives |
| Appropriations bill | a proposed law to authorize spending money |
| Authorization bill | a bill that establishes a program and states how much can be spent on said program |
| Interstate commerce | trade between/among states |
| Copyright | the exclusive right to publish and sell a literary, musical, or artistic work for a specified period of time |
| Patent | the exclusive right of an inventor to manufacture, use, and sell their invention for a period of twenty years |
| Impeachment | the formal accusation of misconduct in office |
| Subpoena | a legal order that a person appear or produce requested documents |
| Perjury | lying under oath |
| Contempt | willful obstruction of justice |
| Immunity | freedom from prosecution for witnesses who testimony ties them to illegal acts |
| Legislative oversight | power of the legislative branch to review the policies, programs, and activities of the executive branch on an ongoing basis |
| Legislative veto | a provision that Congress wrote into some laws that allowed it to review and cancel actions of executive agencies |
| Divided government | when one party controls the White House and the other controls Congress |
| National budget | the yearly financial plan for the federal government |
| Impoundment | the president's refusal to spend money Congress has votes to fund a program |
| Line-item veto | the power of an executive to reject one or more items in a bill without vetoing the entire bill |
| Private bills | bills that deal with individual people or places and frequently involve claims against the government or personal immigration status |
| Public bills | bills that involve general matters and apply to the entire nation |
| Joint resolution | when a bill is passed in the same form by both wings of Congress |
| Simple resolution | when a bill regarding only one wing of Congress is passed by (and only required to be passed by) that one wing |
| Concurrent resolution | bills that cover matters requiring the action of both Congressional wings but for which a law is not needed |
| Rider | a provision on a subject other than the one covered on the bill |
| Hearing | a session at which a committee listens to testimony from people interested in the bill |
| Veto | rejection of a bill by the president |
| Pocket veto | when a president kills a bill passed during the last ten days Congress is in session by simply refusing to act on it |
| Taxes | the money that people and businesses pay to support the activities of the government |
| Closed rule | rule that forbids members of the House to offer amendments to a bill on the floor |
| Open rule | rule that permits floor debate and the addition of amendments to a bill on the floor |
| Appropriation | approval of government spending |
| Authorization bill | a bill that sets up a federal program and specifies how much money may be set aside for said program |
| Continuing resolution | a resolution that keeps the government open and operating under the previous level of appropriation during times when Congress cannot agree on a new appropriation |
| Earmarks | part of a funding bill that will go toward a certain purpose |
| Entitlement | a required government expenditure that continues from one year to the next |
| Interest group | a group of people who share common goals and organize to influence government policy |
| Lobbyist | a paid representative of an interest group who contacts government officials on behalf of these groups |
| Lobbying | direct contact made by lobbyists to persuade government officials to support the policies in their favor |
| Casework | the work a lawmaker does to help constituents with problems |
| Pork-barrel legislation | laws that are passed by Congress to appropriate money for local federal projects |
| Logrolling | an agreement between two or more lawmakers to support each other's bills |
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