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Civics & Econ. Gr.8
Review of SOL Vocabulary
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Immigration | enter and settle in a country or region to which one is not native |
| League of Women Voters | A nonpartisan organization that works toward improving the political process: created in 1920 to inform women on public issues |
| Due process of law | The administration of justice in accordance with established rules and principles |
| Electorate | The people within a district who are eligible to vote in an election. |
| Liberal | Not limited to or by established, traditional, orthodox, or authoritarian attitudes, views, or dogmas |
| Conservative | Favoring traditional views and values |
| Campaign Finance Reform | The common term for the political effort in the United States to change the involvement of money in politics, primarily in political campaign |
| Political Action Committee | formed by business, labor, or other special-interest groups to raise money and make contributions to the campaigns of political candidates whom they support |
| PACS | Political Acion Committees |
| Electoral College | The body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice president |
| Lobbying | The act of attempting to influence business and government leaders to create legislation or conduct an activity that will help a particular organization |
| Executive Branch | The branch of federal and state government that is broadly responsible for implementing, supporting, and enforcing the laws |
| Judicial Branch | the branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice |
| Legislative Branch | The branch of the federal and state government empowered to make the laws |
| Marbury v. Madison | A landmark case in United States law and the basis for the exercise of judicial review of Federal statutes by the Supreme Court of the United States under Article Three of the United States Constitution |
| Rule of law | The govt and those who govern are bound by the law |
| Consent of the governed | People are the source of any and all governmental power |
| Democracy | A form of government in which all the people have political power and input—-not just government officials. |
| Limited agreement | Govt is NOT all-powerful and may do only those things people have given it the power to do |
| Representative government | People elect public officeholders to make laws and conduct govt on their behalf |
| Choice: | Trade-offs and decisions people make in their role as consumers as prices and their income changes |
| Price: | The amount as of money or goods, asked for or given in exchange for something else |
| Consumption: | The utilization of economic goods to satisfy needs or in manufacturing |
| Goods and services: | Products of any economy |
| Incentives: | Something, such as the fear of punishment or the expectation of reward, that induces action or motivates effort |
| Opportunity cost: | The cost of passing up the next best choice when making a decision |
| Production: | Processes and methods employed in transformation of tangible inputs (raw materials, semi-finished goods, or subassemblies) and intangible inputs (ideas, information, know how) into goods or services |
| Resources: | A person, asset, material, or capital which can be used to accomplish a goal |
| Scarcity: | Insufficiency of amount or supply; shortage |
| Supply and demand: | Relationship between the quantity of a commodity that producers have available for sale and the quantity that consumers are willing and able to buy |
| Bicameral | Composed of or based on two legislative chambers or branches |
| Checks and balances | A system of constitutional government which guards against absolute power by providing for separate executive, judicial, and legislative bodies who share powers |
| Expressed powers | Delegated powers of the National Government that are spelled out, expressly, in the constitution |
| Implied powers | Delegated powers of the National Government that are suggested by the expressed powers set out in the Constitution |
| Federalism | The system stipulated in the Constitution in which the power to govern is shared between the national government and the states |
| Judicial review | The review of a decision by a court to determine whether or not the procedures used to make a decision were fair |
| Appellate | Having the power to hear court appeals and to review court decisions |
| Misdemeanor | Tried in the lowest local court and usually include crimes such as petty theft, disturbing the peace, drunk driving without injury to others, drunkenness in public, traffic violations, and public nuisances. |
| Felony | A serious crime (such as murder or arson) |
| Jurisdiction | The power, right, or authority to interpret and apply the law |
| Civil law | The body of laws of a state or nation dealing with the rights of private citizens |
| Criminal law | A body of rules and statutes that defines conduct prohibited by the government because it threatens and harms public safety and welfare and that establishes punishment to be imposed for the commission of such acts |
| Probable cause | a reasonable belief that a person has committed a crime |
| Arraignment | The first appearance of an accused before a judge in a criminal proceedings where in the charges against him are read to him and his plea is recorded |
| Plea | To make or answer an allegation in a legal proceeding |
| Plaintiff | The party that institutes a suit in a court |
| Defendant | A person or institution against whom an action is brought in a court of law; the person being sued or accused |
| Traditional economy | An underdeveloped economy in which communities use primitive tools and methods to harvest and hunt for food, often resulting in little economic growth |
| Free market | A market without economic intervention and regulation by government except to regulate against force or fraud |
| Command economy | An economy where supply and price are regulated by the government rather than market forces |
| Mixed economy | An economic system that allows for the simultaneous operation of publicly and privately owned enterprises |
| Profit | The positive gain from an investment or business operation after subtracting for all expenses |
| Competition | A business relation in which two or more parties compete to gain customers |
| Consumer sovereignty | Power of consumers to decide what gets produced |
| Proprietorship | An unincorporated business owned by a single person who is responsible for its liabilities and entitled to its profits |
| Partnership | A type of unincorporated business organization in which multiple individuals, called general partners, manage the business and are equally liable for its debts |
| Corporation | The most common form of business organization, and one which is chartered by a state and given many legal rights as an entity separate from its owners |
| Entrepreneur | Someone who organizes a business venture and assumes the risk for it |
| Global economy | The interdependent economies of the world's nations, regarded as a single economic system |
| Marketplace competition | Rivalry in business, as for customers or markets |
| Federal Reserve System | The central banking system of the U.S., comprised of the Federal Reserve Board, the 12 Federal Reserve Banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, and the national and state member banks. Its primary purpose is to regulate the flow of money & credit. |
| 1st Amendment | Freedom of religion |
| 1st Amendment | Freedom of speech |
| 1st Amendment | Freedom of the press |
| 1st Amendment | Freedom of assembly |
| 1st Amendment | Freedom to petition |
| 5th Amendment | Right to due process; prohibits national govt. from acting unfairly |
| 14th Amendment | Right to due process; prohibits state and local govts from acting unfairly |
| 16th Amendment | Authorizes Congress to tax incomes |
| Federal Communications Commission | FCC |
| Federal Communications Commission (FCC) | A U.S. government agency charged with the task of regulating all forms of interstate and international communication |
| Environmental Protection Agency | EPA |
| Environmental Protecion Agency (EPA) | Independent US government agency with jurisdiction over existing and under-development chemicals (such as pesticides) that affect the environment |
| Federal Trade Commission | FTC |
| Federal Trade Commission (FTC) | Federal agency whose purpose is to encourage free enterprise and prevent restraint of trade and monopolies |
| Bill of Rights | 1st 10 amendments |
| Preamble | States the purpose of govt |
| Naturalization | To grant full citizenship to (one of foreign birth). |
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