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Social studies
quarterly exam review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Plain | Clear flat, usually few trees, area of land |
| Plateau | Flat lands up high |
| Peninsula | Land with water on three sides |
| Primary source | Artifacts, Diary, Journal, Interview, Newspaper, Photographs, etc. |
| Secondary source | Textbook, Documentary, Television, Second hand accounts |
| Social | How people interact (education, religion, arts, etc.) |
| Political | Government (Laws, Branches, Position, etc.) |
| Economic | Money (Currency, Trade, etc.) |
| Archaeology | The study of artifacts. |
| Archaeologist | A person who studies artifacts |
| Artifacts | A primary source from the past (Bow and Arrow, Pottery, etc) |
| Culture | A way of life for a group of people |
| Civilization | A highly developed society / an advanced culture |
| Extended family | Entire families from grandparents to grandchildren living and working together |
| Landbridge theory | The earliest human migration to the Americas was by people walking across a land bridge from Asia to Alaska they followed their food source, the wooly mammoth, and when the Ice Age ended they stayed and eventually spread out and developed agriculture |
| Result of Columbus' travel West | He discovered a new continent. As a result Europeans would expand and explore to the New World. |
| Results of Columbus discovery of the New World | Colonization of the New World, The Columbian Exchange and the spreading of disease to the Native Americans |
| God | The Europeans wanted to spread their religion to the New World, they felt as though it was their morale duty to spread their religion |
| Glory | Many explorers were hoping to become famous as a result of their exploration |
| Gold | They had also hoped to become very rich from their exploration |
| New England colonies | New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut |
| Middle Colonies | Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware |
| Southern Colonies | Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia |
| Christopher Columbus | He discovered the New World which led to the development of colonies in the New World |
| John Cabot | He would discover the New England area for the English. This would lead to England settling in this area |
| Samuel de Champlain | He helped to discover the land of New France or present day Canada. He would establish colonies in this area, including Quebec |
| Middle Passage | This was the middle leg of the Triangle Trade or the Columbian Exchange. The slaves were brought from Africa to the New World. It was a brutal travel experience where many people would die on the trip. |
| American Revolution | The British put heavy taxes on the colonies in order to pay back their debt from the French and Indian War. The colonists had no representation in Parliament so they felt they were being unfairly taxed considering they did not have any representation. |
| Proclamation of 1763 | This was the line set by the King of England telling the colonists that they could not settle any further West than that line. |
| French and Indian War | This was a battle for the Ohio River Valley. Both France and England wanted this land. The war is fought and then won by the British. As a result the French have to give up most of their land to the English. |
| Boston Tea Party | Colonists were protesting the Tea act in which the English put a tax on tea and other goods. The colonists were angry that they did not have representation in government. The colonists went onto a British ship and dumped the tea into the Boston Harbor |
| Boston Massacre | Colonists were protesting the Townshend act. They took to the streets and threatened the British soldiers. The soldiers felt threatened and started to fire their weapons upon the crowd. |
| Stamp act | This was an act that the British put a tax on all legal documents and stamps |
| Tea act | This was a tax on the tea. It was a British effort to safe the East India Company from bankruptcy |
| Sugar act | This was a tax put on sugar and molasses |
| Townshend act | This was a tax on the goods that were imported into the colonies |
| Intolerable act | It was a series of four laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party. |
| Daughters and Sons of Liberty | This was a group of people that were organized to protest against British rule. |
| Tory/loyalist | This is a colonist that stayed loyal to the King and the British government |
| Minutemen | This were colonists that were ready to fight for freedom at any moment. “They were ready on a minutes notice” |
| Boycott | To boycott is to stop buying or giving business to a specific product or company. To petition is to organize many signatures from the people, in an effort to show the government their demands |
| Parliament | They are the lawmaking body of the British government. The King has strong influence over them during this time period. Parliament were the one to set the taxes |
| Common Sense | Thomas Paine expresses that everything bad in America is bad because of British rule. He appealed to colonist emotions by saying to use common sense and break free from Britain. He believed that the people needed their natural rights. |
| Declaration of Independence | This was signed by the second continental congress. This document declared that the colonies were free of British control. However, they needed to win the war before they could truly be free. |
| Lexington and Concord | This is seen to be the first battle of the revolutionary war. The British were coming to confiscate weapons that the colonists were stocking up. “It was the shot heard round the world” |
| Trenton | The Americans sailed to Trenton where many Hessians had made camp. They sneak attacked the Hessians and won the battle with little losses. This was a big boost for the Continental Army |
| Saratoga | This is seen as the turning point of the Revolution. The Continental Army is able to make the British army in Saratoga surrender. This is the first time that the British ever surrendered to the Continental Army. |
| Yorktown | This is the final major battle of the Revolution. The French blockaded the sea escape and the Continental army attacked from the land. The British came to surrender for the war following this battle. |
| Mayflower Compact | This was the contract signed by the colonists on the Mayflower. They all agreed to rules and laws and how they would be governed in the colony, Plymouth Colony |
| Peter Zenger Case | This case leads to Freedom of the Press. |
| Petition | A signed document by many people listing demands/disagreements for the the government |
| Mercantilism | The economic system used in the colonies where the colonies were seen only to benefit the mother country financially. |
| Navigation Acts | This act restricts the colonies to only being allowed to trade with Britain and no other foreign nation |
| Repeal | To remove or take back an act |
| “No Taxation Without Representation” | This was the major argument for the colonists. They felt it was unfair that they were being taxed when they did not have representation in Parliament. |
| Militia | A military force that is raised from the civilian population |
| George Washington | He was the general of the Continental Army. His military strategy and expertise would help lead to victory in the Revolution. This would lead him to becoming the first president of the U.S |
| King George III | This was the King of Britain during the revolutionary war |
| German Hessians | These were hired mercenaries by the British to fight for the redcoat side of the war |
| Preamble | This is an introduction statement to a written document. For example, the Declaration of Independence and the U.S Constitution have a preamble where it sets the stage for what the document will be about |
| Results of the Declaration of Independence | The colonies officially declare their independence from Britain. However, they are not free yet as they need to win the war before they can do that. |
| Articles of Confederation | The first form of the United States government. It organized the government during and after the American Revolution. It set up a weak central government and a strong state government |
| Articles of Confederation weaknesses | A weak central government. This led to many issues between the state and federal government. The federal government could not coin money. The federal government could not tax. There was no national court that protected the natural rights of the citizens |
| Daniel Shays Rebellion | The national government was to pay their soldiers as they could not collect a tax. Shays was a Revolutionary veteran that was owed money from the U.S government and the government could not pay him. |
| Constitutional Convention | Their original purpose was to reform the Articles of Confederation. However, as they took a look at this document they realized they needed to create something completely new, being the U.S Constitution |
| Federalists | One of the United States first political parties. They were in favor of a strong federal government. They also felt that the U.S Constitution was perfect as written and did NOT need the addition of the Bill of Rights |
| Anti-Federalists | They were in favor of a weaker central government and a strong state government. They were in favor of adding the Bill of Rights to the Constitution. They would ratify the Constitution only with the Bill of Rights. |
| Virginia plan | The Virginia plan states that the amount of representatives should be based on the population of each state. The larger the population, the more representatives they should have in the legislative branch. Small states because they would have no say. |
| New Jersey plan | The New Jersey plan states that each state should have equal representation no matter what. Large states disliked this because they would have the same say as a state with significantly less population. |
| Northern Plan | The north felt as they should not be included on the population count. (The north had significantly less slaves so this would balance the power in the north states hands). |
| Southern Plan | In the south they had significantly more slaves than the north. They felt that the slaves should be counted towards the population count. (This would balance the power in the house of representatives into the southern states) |
| 3/5 compromise | The compromise is for every 5 slaves in a state, 3 would be counted toward the population count. |
| Bill of Rights | The purpose of the Bill of Rights was to ensure that the citizens of the United States would be given their natural rights. The most well known would be the First Amendment, Freedom of Speech, Religion, Press, Petition and Assembly |
| Limited government | The idea that the government should not have all the power. The power should be separated between the states and central government. The central government also gets broken into separate parts so no one branch gains to much power |
| Popular Sovereignty | The idea that the people of a certain area should have the right to have a say in how their government should govern the people |
| State Government powers. | Establish and maintain schools Establish local government Create drivers license Maintain state militias Ratify Amendments to the US Constitution |
| National government powers | Coin money Declare war Regulate the postal system Conduct foreign diplomacy |
| Shared powers | Tax Borrow money Create courts Make and enforce laws Build roads |
| Legislative branch | Congress House of Representatives (435) Senate (100) Create laws Impeach the president Declare war Ratify treaties Approve justices |
| Executive branch | President Vice President President's Cabinet Enforce laws Veto Appoint justices Executive orders |
| Judicial branch | Chief Justices Associate Justices Review laws Judicial Review Protect citizens rights Conduct trials |
| How the Legislative branch checks | Checks on the Executive - Impeach the president Checks on the Judicial - Impeach of justices |
| How the Executive branch checks | Checks on the Legislative - Veto laws Checks on the Judicial - Nominate justices |
| How the Judicial branch checks | Checks on the Executive - Declare executive orders unconstitutional Checks on the Legislative - Declare laws unconstitutional |
| Great Compromise | The Great Compromise takes aspects from bother the VA Plan and NJ Plan. It establishes a bicameral legislature (Two Houses in the Legislative Branch). In the House of Representative, the amount of representatives each state has is based off of |
| Great Compromise pt. 2 | The amount of representatives is based on the state. In the Senate each state receives two senators to represent them in the senate. This compromise takes aspects from both thought processes to try and make it fair for everyone. |
| All the power of government comes from whom? | The people |
| Census | This is an official count of the citizens of the United States. It impacts the government as it affects the electoral college it also impacts the amount of representatives that are in the House of Representatives for each state. |
| Which part of the government is affected by the census | The House of Representatives. |
| Elastic clause | Aka the Necessary and proper clause. Giving congress the authority to create laws that are necessary and proper for the citizens |
| Powers of the federal government that are not spelled out in the constitution | The president's cabinet Political parties Lobby groups Purchasing the Louisiana Purchase |
| Purpose of a bicameral legislature | To divide the power in congress. The house of representatives is based on population and the Senate every state only has 2 |
| Federalism | This idea came from Montesquieu, it is the idea of separation of powers. The central and state governments share powers |
| Enlightenment period | The US delegates took ideas from Enlightenment to create the US Constitution. For example, the philosopher John Locke had the idea of natural rights, every citizen has the right to life, liberty and property. Montesquieu gave the US the idea of separation |
| Enlightenment period pt 2 | Montesquieu gave the US the idea of separation of powers to not allow one person to gain too much power. The US divided the federal government into 3 branches and there is a balance of power between the federal government and state government |
| Manifest destiny | The idea that it is the United States destiny to expand to the West coast. This will be taken on by many “‘expansionist” presidents, for example, Andrew Jacksons and James K. Polk |
| Why did the United States want to expand to the West? | They felt as though it was their god given right to expand West. The U.S felt that they needed to bring civilization to the West. |
| Impressment | When someone is forced to join the Navy. We see the British do this in the lead up to the War of 1812. They capture American Ships and force the crew to join the British navy. |
| Embargo act | In reaction to impressment the United States placed an embargo on British goods. This effectively bans British goods in the United States. |
| Warhawks | Led by Henry Clay. They were pushing for a military conflict with the British pre war of 1812. They were followers of Thomas Jefferson / |
| Why did the war of 1812 start? | Tension between the British and Americans continued to increase throughout the early 1800s. It starts with the impressment of Americans by the British while they block aided France. |
| Why did the war of 1812 start pt. 2 | As a result president Madison felt as though Britain was trying to strangle American trade and he would convince Congress to declare war on Britain |
| Result of the War of 1812 | The war ended in 1815, however, it was just an armistice to end the fighting. However, other issues remained between the countries, it would take a few years of negotiations to correct these issues |
| Treaty of Ghent | This is the treaty that ended the War of 1812 |
| McCulloch V Maryland | 1819 This establishes that the National Bank was Constitutional |
| Gibbons V Ogden | 1824 Declares that the Federal government runs interstate trade (Trade between states) |
| Dred Scott V Sanford | 1857, Establishes that slaves are property and do not have the right to gain freedom if they are in a free state |
| Worcester V Georgia | Ruled that President Jackson did not have the right to forcibly remove the Native Americans. Jackson would still do this |
| Louisiana Purchase | The Louisiana Purchase was bought from France. It would give the US control of the Mississippi and it also doubled the size of the US |
| Monroe Doctrine | This was a speech by President Monroe. He told Europe that they could no longer establish new colonies in the new world. This is telling European to stay out of the Western hemisphere and that the US would stay out of European affairs |
| Nationalism | Advocacy of or support for one's own nation as a whole |
| Sectionalism | When the United States starts to be more focused on the concerns of their part of the country, aka the North and South. Both sides have different economies and politics |
| Market Revolution | The change in the United States where the economy of the country changes. This is significant in the North where they are switching from farm based economy to a more factory based economy. The South will stick to the large farm/plantation system |
| Transportation Revolution | In the early 1800s the United States sees a major increase in transportation making it both quicker and cheaper. Some advancements are, the steamboat, railroads and canal system |
| Industrial Revolution | The creation and invention of new technologies. For example the textile mill, the telegraph (a series of dots and dashes go across a telegraph wire), steam engine. These all make life more efficient |
| Gold Rush | The discovery of Gold in the West, more specifically in California where tons of people flooded the area in hopes of becoming rich. Most people did this move in 1848-1849. Frequently known as the “49ers” - hence where the NFL team got their name |
| What did the railroads, roadways and Erie Canal all have in common | These all made it a lot easier for people to move around the country. It was also much cheaper for people to move to the West. This would help the United States to complete their goal of Manifest Destiny as more people were inclined to move to the West |
| Indian Removal Act | This was a law passed by Congress and President Andrew Jackson that forced the removal of Native Americans in Florida and moved them to a reservation in Oklahoma. |
| Indian Removal Act pt. 2 | This act would be seen as unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the case Worcester V Georgia, however, Jackson ignored the ruling. This act led to the Trail of Tears where many Native Americans died in the process heading to Oklahoma |
| Veto | This is the power the president has to reject a bill passed in Congress. Jackson is remembered to veto many bills from congress. Congress can override the veto but it is challenging, they need a 2/3rd majority. |
| Spoils system | This idea came from Jackson where all people that helped him get into office and were his friends. He would give them all jobs in the government and remove other people from their positions so they could be filled by his loyal friends. |
| Trails of tears | This is the process of the Native Americans moving to their new land after being forced to leave their native land. During the journey many of the people lost their lives, making this process known as the trail of tears |
| Nullification Crisis | The Southern states did not like the “Tariff of Abomination” as this was focused on building up roads, this was a positive for the developing north, however, the south was sticking to their old ways and felt this tax was only helping the north. |
| Nullification Crisis pt. 2 | South Carolina threatened to “secede”. However, the federal government does send troops. However, this does end the nullification crisis, but it establishes that states cannot ignore federal laws that they do not like |
| Missouri Compromise | As the United States expands West and they add more states the questions would be raised, should they be added as a free state, and slave state. This would disrupt the balance of power in the Senate as prior to this there was an even amount of slave and |
| Missouri Compromise pt. 2 | Free states. This compromise has both Maine and Missouri. It also states that any new states after this any state added north of the 36th parallel line would be added as a free state and any state added south of that line would be added as a slave state |
| How did Texas gain their independence? | As a result MX is encouraging AM to move to TX. The people in TX end up wanting to gain their independence from MX. They end up fighting an independence war with MX and they will win. They are called the Lone Star State until they eventually join the US |
| Why and how did Texas become a state of the United States? | Texas appeals to the United States, wanting to become another state. The U.S knew this would upset Mexico. However, the U.S does move to annex Texas, this leads to war with Mexico. |
| How did the Mexican American War Start? | As a result to the U.S annexing Texas, Mexico declares war on the U.S. The U.S will end up winning this war, which will help them to gain territory to complete the |
| What was the Mexican American war's significance? | It is significant because the United States gained the territories of the present day Southwest United States. |
| How did the Mexican American War end? What happened as a result? | The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed and this gives the U.S California, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado and Nevada |
| What was the Compromise of 1850? | This compromise will allow CA to join the union as a free state. It also makes the Fugitive Slave Act more strict. It also gets rid of the MO Compromise, as now other states to be added would be allowed to vote if they would be free or slave state |
| What was the Kansas Nebraska Act? | This allows for both KA and NE to choose if they would be a slave or free state. This leads to many pro free and pro slave state. This is known as “bleeding kansas”. Violence would spill into the senate when a senator from SC beat up a senator from MA |
| Nat Turner | A slave that started a revolt against the slave owners. Many slaves would join his cause, however, he would eventually be caught and hanged for his actions. This would be seen as an inspiration for the people against slavery |
| William Lloyd Garrison | He wrote the newspaper “The Liberator”, he was known for being against slavery and fought to have it outlawed |
| Fredrick Douglas | He was born into slavery and would learn how to read and write from his slave owner's wife. He would gain his freedom and become an important abolitionist and fight for equality |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Well known abolitionist and women's rights person. She is known for her book “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” in which she spoke about the life of slaves |
| Grimke Sisters | Prominent women's rights. They were apart of the Seneca Falls Convention |
| Alucretis Mott | Prominent Women’s rights activist. |
| Seneca Falls Convention | This was a rally to fight for women's rights. The Declaration of Sentiments would be a famous document coming out of this convention that would speak to the equality of women. This movement would help gain rights to many women. |
| Seneca Falls Convention pt.2 | This movement would help gain rights to many women. It would help lead to women being able to vote in 1920 |
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