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AP World Unit 5
Part 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Reason | signifying how people began looking to humans, rather than a deity, to solve their problems and make reason of things going on in their lives |
| Rational | Europe that fostered a belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws |
| Observation | NEED******* |
| Scientific Method | A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence. Observe, hypothesis, experiment, analyze, revise or publish. |
| Geocentric | In astronomy, the geocentric theory of the universe is the idea that the Earth is the center of the universe and other objects go around it. |
| Heliocentric | conception that argued that the sun was motionless at the center of the universe |
| Johannes Kepler | German Astronomer best known for the laws of planetary motion |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish mathematician and astronomer who developed a theory for the universe that placed the Sun at the center, rather than the Earth. |
| Galileo Galilei | Italian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician |
| Sir Isaac Newton | English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. |
| William Harvey | English physician who was the first to recognize the full circulation of the blood in the human body and to provide experiments and arguments to support this idea. |
| Political Science | the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives. |
| Philosophies | believed that the dissemination of knowledge would encourage reform in every aspect of life, from the grain trade to the penal system |
| Natural Rights | the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property. |
| Social Contract | An agreement between the people and their government signifying their consent to be governed |
| Inalienable Rights | Fundamental or natural rights guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the law. They include, life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness. |
| Empiricism | the belief that observation and experimentation are crucial to human understanding |
| Leviathan | described people without a government as greedy and cruel. |
| Common Sense | pamphlet published in 1776 that helped explain revolutionary aims, |
| Declaration of Independence | The fundamental document establishing the United States as a nation, adopted on July 4, 1776. |
| Thomas Hobbes | english philosopher. In his book leviathan he described people without a government as greedy and cruel |
| John Locke | an English philosopher (1632-1704) worked to discover natural laws of policies |
| Voltaire | French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church |
| Baron de Montesquieu | a French lawyer, man of letters, and one of the most influential political philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | a French philosopher who expanded on the social contract theory , emphasizing the importance of the common good. |
| Immanuel Kant | a German philosopher who argued that enlightenment was the ability to know something without another's guidance |
| Denis Diderot | French author and philosopher of the Enlightenment era |
| Thomas Paine | American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer |
| John Adams | second president of the United States and a Federalist. |
| Thomas Jefferson | An American Founding Father, the principal author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third president of the United States. |
| Tyranny | a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator |
| No Taxation Without Representation | a populace that is required to pay taxes to a government authority without having any say in that government's policies. |
| Constitution | established America's national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. |
| Republic | Roman Republic featured a senate, representative government, and rule of law. |
| Estates General | a meeting of the three estates of pre-revolutionary France: clergy, nobility, and commons |
| Bourgeoise | the social order that is dominated by the so-called middle class |
| Liberal v. Conservative | liberal emphasis on reason, education, secular values and personal liberty is in the 18th-century spirit of the Enlightenment. |
| Bastille | Bastille, fortress in Paris that became a state prison and later, as a symbol of the despotism of the ruling Bourbon monarchy, was stormed by a mob during the French Revolution |
| Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen | one of the basic charters of human liberties |
| Jacobins | meeting at the Dominican rue Saint-Honoré Monastery of the Jacobins |
| Reign of Terror | paranoid Revolution that saw enemies everywhere. Certainly, feelings of paranoia and dread were nothing new in 1793 |
| Guillotine | instrument for inflicting capital punishment by decapitation |
| Bread March | Concerned over the high price and scarcity of bread, women from the marketplaces of Paris led the March on Versailles |
| Grito de Delores | Cry of Dolores |
| Propaganda Movement | Filipino nationalist movement, led by a Filipino elite and inspired by the pronationalist activism of figures such as José Burgos |
| Maori Wars | Two wars between British settlers and indigenous Maori tribes in New Zealand. |
| Maroons | Africans in the Americas and Islands of the Indian Ocean who escaped from slavery and formed their own settlements. |
| King George III | of Great Britain (r. 1760-1820) was the third of the Hanoverian monarchs, and he remains the longest-reigning king in British history |
| George Washington | He warned against the dangers of political parties and foreign alliances. |
| Thomas Jefferson | (1743-1826), author of the Declaration of Independence and the third U.S. president, was a leading figure in America’s early development |
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