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U.S History Ch. 9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Entrepreneurs | a person who builds and manages a business or enterprise in order to make a profit, often risking his or her own money or livelihoods; person who organizes and manages his or her own business. |
| Free enterprise | freedom of private business to organize and operate for profit in a competitive system without interference by government beyond regulation necessary to protect public interest and keep the national economy in balance. |
| Laissez | a theory advocating minimal government interference in the economy. |
| Protective tariffs | on imported goods making the price high enough to protect domestic goods from foreign competition. |
| Patent | official rights given by the government to an inventor for the exclusive right to develop, use, and sell an invention for a set period of time. |
| Thomas Edison | (1847-1931) was an American inventor. He held over 1,000 patents for inventions, including the light bulb, an early movie camera, and an alkaline battery. |
| Bessemer process | method developed in the mid-nineteenth century for making steel more efficiently |
| Suspension bridges | bridges that have a roadway suspended by cables. |
| time zones | any of the 24 longitudinal areas of the world within which the same time is used |
| mass production | a production of goods in large numbers through the use of machinery and assembly lines |
| cash crop | a crop grown for sale |
| corporation | company recognized as a legal unit that has rights and liabilities separate from each of its members |
| cartel | association of producers of a good or service that prices and controls stocks in order to monopolize the market |
| John D. Rockefeller | (1839-1937) was an American industrialist and philanthropist. He began the Standard Oil Company and dominated the oil industry with innovative, aggressive business practices. He also contributed money to different causes through the Rockefeller foundation |
| Horizontal integration | system of consolidating many firms in the same business |
| Monopoly | exclusive control by one company over an entire industry |
| trust | group of separate companies that are placed under the control of a single managing board in order to form a monopoly |
| Andrew Carnegie | (1835-1919) was an American industrialist and philanthropist who began Carnegie Steel, a corporation that dominated the American steel industry. He created charitable trust foundations and provided money for cultural and educational institutions. |
| Vertical integration | system of consolidating firms involved in all steps of a product's manufacture |
| Social Darwinism | the belief held by some in the late nineteenth century that certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore destined to rule over them |
| Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) | first federal agency monitoring business operations, created in 1887 to oversee interstate railroad procedures |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | 1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce |
| sweatshops | small factories where employees have to work long hours under poor conditions for little pay |
| company towns | communities in which residents rely upon one company for jobs, housing, and buying goods |
| collective bargaining | process in which employers negotiate with labor unions about hours, wages, and other working conditions |
| socialism | system or theory under which the means of production are publicly controlled and regulated rather than owned by individuals |
| knights of labor | labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms |
| Terence V. Powderly | (1849-1924) was an American labor leader who led the Knights of Labor for several years in the late nineteenth century with the goal of leading American workers out of what he saw as the bondage of wage labor |
| Samuel Gompers | (1850-1924) was an American labor leader and the first president of the American Federation of Labor. He advocated organized strikers and boycotts to achieve the organization's goals. |
| American Federation of Labor (AFL) | labor union that organized skilled workers in a specific trade and made specific demands rather than seeking broad changes |
| Haymarket Riot | 1886 labor related protest in Chicago which ended in deadly violence |
| Homestead Strike | 1892 strike against Carnegie's steelworks in Homestead, Pennsylvania |
| Eugene V. Debs | (1855-1926) was a labor organizer and social leader who advocated for the rights of railway workers. He ran for president five times between 1900 and 1920 as a candidate for the Socialist Party. |
| Pullman Strike | violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide |
| "new" immigrants | Southern and Eastern European immigrants who arrived in the United states in a great wave between 1880 and 1920 |
| steerage | third-class accommodations on a steamship |
| Ellis Island | island in New York Harbor that served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving to the United States |
| Angel Island | immigrant processing station that opened in San Francisco Bay in1910 |
| Americanization | belief that assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens |
| "melting pot" | society in which people of different nationalities assimilate to form one culture |
| nativism | inclination to favor native inhabitants as opposed to immigrants |
| Chinese Exclusion Act | 1882 law that prohibited the immigration of Chinese laborers |
| urbanization | movement of people from rural to urban areas; expansion of cities and/or an increase in the number of people living in them |
| rural-to-urban migrants | people who move from an agricultural area to a city |
| skyscrapers | very tall buildings |
| Elisha Otis | (1811-1861) was an American who invented the safety elevator in 1852. elevator was first designed for freight but was soon adapted for passenger services. She also developed a steam-powered elevator that became the basis for the Otis Elevator Company. |
| mass transit | public transportation systems that carry large numbers of people |
| suburbs | Residential areas surrounding a city |
| Frederick Law Olmsted | (1822-1903) was an influential American Landscape architect best known for designing Central Park in New York City. He also contributed to the preservation of the Yosemite park in Cali., park spaces around Niagara falls, system of public parks in Boston |
| tenements | multistory buildings divided into apartments to house as many residents as possible |
| cholera | a severe bacterial infection of the small intestine that causes dehydration, usually caused by drinking contaminated water |
| Mark Twain | (1835-1910) was the pen name for Samuel Langhorne Clemons, an American novelist and humorist who wrote famous works such as Life on the Mississippi, The adventures of Tom Sawyer, and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn these reflected American experiences |
| Gilded Age | term coined by Mark Twain to describe the post-Reconstruction era as a façade of prosperity |
| conspicuous consumerism | purchasing of goods and services with the purpose of impressing others |
| mass culture | similar cultural patterns throughout a society as a result of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising |
| Joseph Pulitzer | (1847-1911) was an influential American newspaper editor and publisher. He helped format the modern newspaper and included investigative reporting, sports and fashion coverage, comics, and illustrations in his paper |
| William Randolph Hearst | (1863-1951) was an American newspaper publisher who created the nation's largest newspaper chain. Pulitzer and him helped popularize investigative reporting and sensationalist journalism |
| Horatio Alger | (1832-1899) was an American author who sold more than 20 million copies of novels that explored the rags-to-riches theme. He created characters who rose to fame and wealth through hard work and determination |
| Tin Pan Alley | section on 28th Street in New York City that became the center of the music publishing industry in the late 1800s; genre of popular American music |
| vaudeville | type of show that included dancing, singing, and comedy sketches and became popular in the late nineteenth century |
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