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Civics Vocab List
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Civil Liberties | Constitutionally guaranteed personal freedoms protected from arbitrary governmental interference. |
| Civil Rights | All rights rooted in the Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of equal protection under the law. |
| Establishment Clause | Federal, state, and local, governments cannot establish, recognize, nor disregard any religion. |
| Symbolic Speech | Non-verbal actions that express a viewpoint, sometimes on controversial issues. |
| Defamatory Speech | False statements that cause harm or violence. |
| Free Press | People have rights to give and receive published information without government inference. |
| Selective Incorporation | SCOTUS process of declaring certain Bill of Rights provisions be applied to the states rather than all at once. |
| Due Process Clause | Ensures that fair and legitimate legal processes take place before life, liberty, or property. |
| Equal Protection Clause | 14th amendment clause that prohibits states from denying equal protection under the law and has been used to combat discrimination. |
| Privileges and Immunities | Special rights and exemptions provided by law. States may not discriminate against one another's citizens. |
| Miranda Rule | The warnings that a police officer is required to give to a detainee based on constitutional requirements. |
| Exclusionary Rule | A policy forbidding the admission at trial of illegally seized evidence. |
| 24th Amendment | Outlawed the poll tax in any federal, primary, or general elections. |
| Affirmative Action | Institutional efforts to diversify by race, gender, and otherwise. |
| Constituency | A group of citizens who has been elected, or is entitled to elect, a representative to the government. |
| Filibuster | Speaking so long that the deadline to approve a bill or appointment expires. |
| Cloture | A 3/5 supermajority vote can stop debate on a bill. (Ending a filibuster.) |
| Discharge Petition | A device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty days, may ask to have it brought to the floor. |
| Advice and Consent | the authority of the United States Senate to approve or reject a resolution of ratification of any treaty to which the United States is a proposed signatory, as well as to evaluate and confirm Presidential nominees to positions in the federal government. |
| Power of the Purse/Appropriations | "Raising Revenue"; taxing, budgeting, & appropriating (spending). |
| Mandatory Spending | Payment required by law for certain programs that have eligibility requirements for people in temporary need. |
| Entitlement programs | Government programs include Social Security, Medicare & Medicaid, and unemployment. |
| Germane/ Nongermane Amendments | Germane- directly related to the bill. |
| Budget Deficit | This occurs when the needed amount exceeds the expected revenue. |
| Pork Barrel legislation | the appropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to direct spending to a representative's district. |
| Gerrymandering | Illogical district lines drawn to give one party the advantage. |
| Logrolling | Trading votes to gain support on a bill. |
| Redistricting | Redrawing congressional districts based on shifts in population. |
| Reapportionment | The process of dividing seats for the House among the 50 states following the decennial census. |
| Divided Government | When the president is from one party & the house &/ or senate is dominated by the other. |
| "Lame Duck" president | A president who has not won re-election or is ending their second term. |
| Trustee Model | They are entrusted to use their best judgement. |
| Delegate Model | Reflecting the will of their constituents (The ppl who vote for them.) |
| Politico Model | Blending of a " Delegate" & "Trustee" process |
| Pocket Veto | Congress adjourns before the 10 days and president does nothing+ kills the bill. |
| Executive Order | A directive to allow the president to carry out executive authority without congress approval. |
| Executive Agreement | Makes "Contracts with other countries". |
| Signing Statement | Presidents offering their interpretation on commentary of a congressional bill before they sign the bill. |
| Stare Decisis | "Let the decision stand." |
| Certiorari | A writ or order by which a higher court reviews a decision of a lower court. A brief arguing why/how a lower court erred. 4-9 Justices- the case will be heard (Rule of Four). |
| Amicus Curiae Brief | someone, not a party to a case, who volunteers to offer information to assist a court in deciding a matter before it. |
| Judicial Review | The power of the judicial branch to examine the constitutionality of legislative acts. |
| Judicial Activism | Acting in a decision to make the law (roe v. wade) |
| Judicial Restraint | Only acting if there is a clear injury or violation of the constitution. |
| Issue Network/ iron triangle | The bureaucracy is critical in advancing the goals special interest groups & PACs (Unit 5), & Congressional Committees funds those goals. |
| Congressional Oversight | Congressional Committees "checks & balances" the authority of agencies. |
| Delegated Discretionary Authority | The power to interpret legislation & create rules. |
| Compliance Monitoring | Ensuring that industries within their realm are complying with regulation. |
| Bill of rights | First 10 amendments to the Constitution, guarantees the protection of liberties and rights by explicitly listing them. |
| Amendment 1 | Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition |
| Amendment 2 | Right to bear arms and militia |
| Amendment 3 | No quartering of soldiers |
| Amendment 4 | Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures |
| Amendment 5 | due process, double jeopardy; self incrimination |
| Amendment 6 | Right to a speedy and public trial |
| Amendment 7 | Right to trial by jury |
| Amendment 8 | Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. |
| Amendment 9 | People's rights are not limited to those in the Constitution. |
| Amendment 10 | The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. |
| 14th Amendment | Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws |
| Marbury v Madison | Do the plaintiffs have a right to receive their commissions? Can they sue for their commissions in court? Does the Supreme Court have the authority to order the delivery of their commissions? |
| Shaw v Reno | Did the North Carolina residents' claim, that the State created a racially gerrymandered district, raise a valid constitutional issue under the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause? |
| Baker v Carr | Did the Supreme Court have jurisdiction over questions of legislative apportionment? |
| Citizens United v Federal Federal Election Committee | Do the BCRA's disclosure requirements impose an unconstitutional burden when applied to electioneering requirements because they are protected "political speech" and not subject to regulation as "campaign speech"? |
| Brown v BOE (1954) | Does the segregation of public education based solely on race violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment? |
| McDonald v Chicago | Does the Second Amendment apply to the states because it is incorporated by the Fourteenth Amendment's Privileges and Immunities or Due Process clauses and thereby made applicable to the states? |
| Roe v Wade | Does the Constitution recognize a woman's right to terminate her pregnancy by abortion? |
| Gideon v Wainwright | Does the Sixth Amendment's right to counsel in criminal cases extend to felony defendants in state courts? |
| Schenck v United States | Did Schenck's conviction under the Espionage Act for criticizing the draft violate his First Amendment right to freedom of speech? |
| New York Times v United States (1971) | Did the Nixon administration's efforts to prevent the publication of what it termed "classified information" violate the First Amendment? |
| Tinker v Des Moines | Does a prohibition against the wearing of armbands in public school, as a form of symbolic protest, violate the students' freedom of speech protections guaranteed by the First Amendment? |
| Wisconsin v Yoder | Did Wisconsin's requirement that all parents send their children to school at least until age 16 violate the First Amendment by criminalizing the conduct of parents who refused to send their children to school for religious reasons? |
| Engel v Vitale | Does the reading of a nondenominational prayer at the start of the school day violate the "establishment of religion" clause of the First Amendment? |
| United States v. Lopez (1995) | Is the 1990 Gun-Free School Zones Act, forbidding individuals from knowingly carrying a gun in a school zone, unconstitutional because it exceeds the power of Congress to legislate under the Commerce Clause? |
| McCulloch v Maryland | Did congress have the authority to establish a bank? |
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