Question 1

protein

Accepted Answer

one of the major classes of biomolecules

Question 2

nucleic acid

Accepted Answer

one of the major classes of biomolecules

Question 3

nucleotide

Accepted Answer

monomeric subunit of nucleic acids

Question 4

nucleoside

Accepted Answer

composed of a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base

Question 5

enzyme

Accepted Answer

a protein that catalyzes a biochemical reaction

Question 6

radiolabelling

Accepted Answer

growing an organism in the presence of a radioactive isotope, which results in the incorporation of that isotope into the molecules of the organism

Question 7

pellet

Accepted Answer

a collection of cells or other solid material at the bottom of a tube after centrifugation

Question 8

supernatant

Accepted Answer

the liquid above the pellet after centrifugation

Question 9

purine

Accepted Answer

one of the classes of nitrogenous bases, composed of two rings

Question 10

pyrimidine

Accepted Answer

one of the classes of nitrogenous bases, composed of one ring structure

Question 11

ribose

Accepted Answer

one of the pentose sugars found in nucleic acids, with an OH at 2'

Question 12

deoxyribose

Accepted Answer

one of the pentose sugars found in nucleic acids, without an OH at 2'

Question 13

methyl cytosine

Accepted Answer

a chemically modified version of cytosine that has an additional methyl (CH3) group added.  This modification alters its ability to form hydrogen bonds and pair with other bases.

Question 14

chemically modified bases

Accepted Answer

nitrogenous bases that have had functional groups added or removed that alter their base pairing properties.

Question 15

deoxy adenosine monophosphate

Accepted Answer

dAMP, a nucleotide containing deoxyribose, adenine attached to 1', and a single phosphate attached to 5'

Question 16

adenosine diphosphate

Accepted Answer

ADP, a nucleotide composed of ribose sugar, with adenine attached to 1' and two phosphates attached to 5'

Question 17

dNTP

Accepted Answer

deoxy nucleoside tri phosphate, a generic collection of nucleotides, all of which are composed of deoxyribose sugar, with three phosphates attached to 5'.  However, any of the nitrogenous bases (ATCG) could be attached to 1'.

Question 18

NTP

Accepted Answer

nucleoside tri phosphate, a generic collection of nucleotides with three phosphates attached to 5' of ribose sugar.  Any base could be attached to 1' (AUCG)

Question 19

Chargaff's Rules

Accepted Answer

relationship that applies to double stranded nucleic acids.  Concentration of purines = concentration of pyrimidines because of complementary base pairing.  A=T, C=G

Question 20

antiparallel

Accepted Answer

when two strands of nucleic acid are oriented opposite to each other, 5' end of one opposite the 3' end of the other

Question 21

phosphodiester bond

Accepted Answer

covalent bond that links nucleotides into a chain.  Extends from 3' carbon to 5' carbon of next nucleotide in the chain.

Question 22

peptide bond

Accepted Answer

covalent bond that links amino acids into a chain forming a polypeptide.  Extends from carboxy end of first amino acid to amino end of the second.

Question 23

complementary base pairng

Accepted Answer

when hydrogen bonds develop between nitrogenous bases.  Responsible for Chargaff's rules

Question 24

helix

Accepted Answer

the three dimensional structure of double stranded nucleic acid when the two strands rotate around each other to form a spiral staircase

Question 25

major groove

Accepted Answer

a large spatial gap between the two sugar phosphate backbones of a double stranded nucleic acid.

Question 26

minor groove

Accepted Answer

a small spatial gap between the two sugar phospahte backbones of a double stranded nucleic acid helix.

Question 27

uracil

Accepted Answer

pyrimidine typically found in RNA but not DNA unless another base as been chemically altered.

Question 28

internal base pairing

Accepted Answer

the formation of hydrogen bonds between complementary bases in the same strand of nucleic acid

Question 29

hair pin

Accepted Answer

one type of secondary structure created by internal base pairing

Question 30

stem loop

Accepted Answer

one type of secondary structure created by internal base pairing.  a lollipop like structure in the RNA

Question 31

supercoil

Accepted Answer

a double helix (as of DNA) that has undergone additional twisting in the same direction as or in the opposite direction from the turns in the original helix

Question 32

nucleoid

Accepted Answer

supercoiled non relaxed circular chromosome of prokaryotic organism, floating in the cytoplasm of the cell

Question 33

chromosome

Accepted Answer

long strand of DNA double helix that may contain many genes.  First identified as a "colored body" that appears in prophase of mitosis

Question 34

chromatin

Accepted Answer

a composite of DNA and protein that makes up a chromosome

Question 35

chromatin structure

Accepted Answer

the organization and compaction of chromatin.  Capable of change depending on how tightly the proteins are attached to the DNA and how much compaction has occurred.

Question 36

euchromatin

Accepted Answer

Less organized and compacted chromatin.  Associated with areas of the chromosome actively expressed

Question 37

heterochromatin

Accepted Answer

Highly organized and compacted chromatin.  Associated with areas of the chromsome not actively expressed.

Question 38

histone

Accepted Answer

group of positively charged proteins that bind to DNA.  Involved in forming nucleosomes and other chromatin structure.

Question 39

nucleosome

Accepted Answer

histone core with double stranded DNA wrapped around it, held in place by histone H1.  Most fundamental unit of chromatin structure

Question 40

30 nm fiber

Accepted Answer

formed when multiple nucleosomes aggregate together to form a higher level of chromatin organization.

Question 41

scaffold proteins

Accepted Answer

proteins which the 30 nm fiber attach to, forming a lamp brush chromosome.

Question 42

lamp brush chromosome

Accepted Answer

loops of 30 nm fibers coming off a core of scaffold protein.  The typical chromatin structure during the majority of the life of the cell

Question 43

compacted replicated chromosome

Accepted Answer

the form of the chromosome in its typical X shaped structure that is visible during prophase of nuclear division and later stages

Question 44

centromere

Accepted Answer

a sequence within a chromosome that serves as a binding point that allows replicated sister chromatids to remain connected until anaphase of nuclear division.

Question 45

telomere

Accepted Answer

the ends of a linear chromosome composed of the same repeated telomere sequence that does not code for any RNA or protein.

Question 46

intergenic space

Accepted Answer

sequence of DNA on the chromosome in between individual genes

Question 47

gene

Accepted Answer

a unit of information found on a chromosome.

Genetic Material

Terms from Genetic Material Unit of NW 04-350

Term	Definition
protein	one of the major classes of biomolecules	composed of chains of amino acids
nucleic acid	one of the major classes of biomolecules	composed of chains of nucleotides
nucleotide	monomeric subunit of nucleic acids	composed of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and at least one phosphate group
nucleoside	composed of a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base
enzyme	a protein that catalyzes a biochemical reaction
radiolabelling	growing an organism in the presence of a radioactive isotope, which results in the incorporation of that isotope into the molecules of the organism
pellet	a collection of cells or other solid material at the bottom of a tube after centrifugation
supernatant	the liquid above the pellet after centrifugation
purine	one of the classes of nitrogenous bases, composed of two rings	includes adenine and guanine
pyrimidine	one of the classes of nitrogenous bases, composed of one ring structure	includes thymine, cytosine, and uracil
ribose	one of the pentose sugars found in nucleic acids, with an OH at 2'
deoxyribose	one of the pentose sugars found in nucleic acids, without an OH at 2'
methyl cytosine	a chemically modified version of cytosine that has an additional methyl (CH3) group added. This modification alters its ability to form hydrogen bonds and pair with other bases.
chemically modified bases	nitrogenous bases that have had functional groups added or removed that alter their base pairing properties.
deoxy adenosine monophosphate	dAMP, a nucleotide containing deoxyribose, adenine attached to 1', and a single phosphate attached to 5'
adenosine diphosphate	ADP, a nucleotide composed of ribose sugar, with adenine attached to 1' and two phosphates attached to 5'
dNTP	deoxy nucleoside tri phosphate, a generic collection of nucleotides, all of which are composed of deoxyribose sugar, with three phosphates attached to 5'. However, any of the nitrogenous bases (ATCG) could be attached to 1'.	These are the monomeric subunits used to build a DNA strand
NTP	nucleoside tri phosphate, a generic collection of nucleotides with three phosphates attached to 5' of ribose sugar. Any base could be attached to 1' (AUCG)	These are the monomer subunits used to build an RNA strand.
Chargaff's Rules	relationship that applies to double stranded nucleic acids. Concentration of purines = concentration of pyrimidines because of complementary base pairing. A=T, C=G
antiparallel	when two strands of nucleic acid are oriented opposite to each other, 5' end of one opposite the 3' end of the other
phosphodiester bond	covalent bond that links nucleotides into a chain. Extends from 3' carbon to 5' carbon of next nucleotide in the chain.
peptide bond	covalent bond that links amino acids into a chain forming a polypeptide. Extends from carboxy end of first amino acid to amino end of the second.
complementary base pairng	when hydrogen bonds develop between nitrogenous bases. Responsible for Chargaff's rules	in a double stranded nucleic acid, this pairing links the two strands together.
helix	the three dimensional structure of double stranded nucleic acid when the two strands rotate around each other to form a spiral staircase
major groove	a large spatial gap between the two sugar phosphate backbones of a double stranded nucleic acid.	provides a binding point for proteins on the surface of a double stranded DNA that targets specific sequences of bases that are accessible through this gap.
minor groove	a small spatial gap between the two sugar phospahte backbones of a double stranded nucleic acid helix.	the gap is not large enough to allow access to bases in the center of the DNA molecule. so it is not used for base sequence specific binding of proteins.
uracil	pyrimidine typically found in RNA but not DNA unless another base as been chemically altered.
internal base pairing	the formation of hydrogen bonds between complementary bases in the same strand of nucleic acid	responsible for the formation of complex shapes in single stranded RNA molecules
hair pin	one type of secondary structure created by internal base pairing
stem loop	one type of secondary structure created by internal base pairing. a lollipop like structure in the RNA
supercoil	a double helix (as of DNA) that has undergone additional twisting in the same direction as or in the opposite direction from the turns in the original helix
nucleoid	supercoiled non relaxed circular chromosome of prokaryotic organism, floating in the cytoplasm of the cell
chromosome	long strand of DNA double helix that may contain many genes. First identified as a "colored body" that appears in prophase of mitosis	may be many linear units in eukaryotes or a single circular unit in prokaryotes
chromatin	a composite of DNA and protein that makes up a chromosome
chromatin structure	the organization and compaction of chromatin. Capable of change depending on how tightly the proteins are attached to the DNA and how much compaction has occurred.
euchromatin	Less organized and compacted chromatin. Associated with areas of the chromosome actively expressed
heterochromatin	Highly organized and compacted chromatin. Associated with areas of the chromsome not actively expressed.	Found near the centromere and ends of the chromosome.
histone	group of positively charged proteins that bind to DNA. Involved in forming nucleosomes and other chromatin structure.
nucleosome	histone core with double stranded DNA wrapped around it, held in place by histone H1. Most fundamental unit of chromatin structure	an individual bead on the string
30 nm fiber	formed when multiple nucleosomes aggregate together to form a higher level of chromatin organization.
scaffold proteins	proteins which the 30 nm fiber attach to, forming a lamp brush chromosome.
lamp brush chromosome	loops of 30 nm fibers coming off a core of scaffold protein. The typical chromatin structure during the majority of the life of the cell
compacted replicated chromosome	the form of the chromosome in its typical X shaped structure that is visible during prophase of nuclear division and later stages	a fully compacted chromosome in its most heterochromatic state
centromere	a sequence within a chromosome that serves as a binding point that allows replicated sister chromatids to remain connected until anaphase of nuclear division.
telomere	the ends of a linear chromosome composed of the same repeated telomere sequence that does not code for any RNA or protein.
intergenic space	sequence of DNA on the chromosome in between individual genes
gene	a unit of information found on a chromosome.	at the least it serves as a transcriptional unit, used to produce RNA

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