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Genetic Material
Terms from Genetic Material Unit of NW 04-350
| Term | Definition | |
|---|---|---|
| protein | one of the major classes of biomolecules | composed of chains of amino acids |
| nucleic acid | one of the major classes of biomolecules | composed of chains of nucleotides |
| nucleotide | monomeric subunit of nucleic acids | composed of a pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and at least one phosphate group |
| nucleoside | composed of a pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base | |
| enzyme | a protein that catalyzes a biochemical reaction | |
| radiolabelling | growing an organism in the presence of a radioactive isotope, which results in the incorporation of that isotope into the molecules of the organism | |
| pellet | a collection of cells or other solid material at the bottom of a tube after centrifugation | |
| supernatant | the liquid above the pellet after centrifugation | |
| purine | one of the classes of nitrogenous bases, composed of two rings | includes adenine and guanine |
| pyrimidine | one of the classes of nitrogenous bases, composed of one ring structure | includes thymine, cytosine, and uracil |
| ribose | one of the pentose sugars found in nucleic acids, with an OH at 2' | |
| deoxyribose | one of the pentose sugars found in nucleic acids, without an OH at 2' | |
| methyl cytosine | a chemically modified version of cytosine that has an additional methyl (CH3) group added. This modification alters its ability to form hydrogen bonds and pair with other bases. | |
| chemically modified bases | nitrogenous bases that have had functional groups added or removed that alter their base pairing properties. | |
| deoxy adenosine monophosphate | dAMP, a nucleotide containing deoxyribose, adenine attached to 1', and a single phosphate attached to 5' | |
| adenosine diphosphate | ADP, a nucleotide composed of ribose sugar, with adenine attached to 1' and two phosphates attached to 5' | |
| dNTP | deoxy nucleoside tri phosphate, a generic collection of nucleotides, all of which are composed of deoxyribose sugar, with three phosphates attached to 5'. However, any of the nitrogenous bases (ATCG) could be attached to 1'. | These are the monomeric subunits used to build a DNA strand |
| NTP | nucleoside tri phosphate, a generic collection of nucleotides with three phosphates attached to 5' of ribose sugar. Any base could be attached to 1' (AUCG) | These are the monomer subunits used to build an RNA strand. |
| Chargaff's Rules | relationship that applies to double stranded nucleic acids. Concentration of purines = concentration of pyrimidines because of complementary base pairing. A=T, C=G | |
| antiparallel | when two strands of nucleic acid are oriented opposite to each other, 5' end of one opposite the 3' end of the other | |
| phosphodiester bond | covalent bond that links nucleotides into a chain. Extends from 3' carbon to 5' carbon of next nucleotide in the chain. | |
| peptide bond | covalent bond that links amino acids into a chain forming a polypeptide. Extends from carboxy end of first amino acid to amino end of the second. | |
| complementary base pairng | when hydrogen bonds develop between nitrogenous bases. Responsible for Chargaff's rules | in a double stranded nucleic acid, this pairing links the two strands together. |
| helix | the three dimensional structure of double stranded nucleic acid when the two strands rotate around each other to form a spiral staircase | |
| major groove | a large spatial gap between the two sugar phosphate backbones of a double stranded nucleic acid. | provides a binding point for proteins on the surface of a double stranded DNA that targets specific sequences of bases that are accessible through this gap. |
| minor groove | a small spatial gap between the two sugar phospahte backbones of a double stranded nucleic acid helix. | the gap is not large enough to allow access to bases in the center of the DNA molecule. so it is not used for base sequence specific binding of proteins. |
| uracil | pyrimidine typically found in RNA but not DNA unless another base as been chemically altered. | |
| internal base pairing | the formation of hydrogen bonds between complementary bases in the same strand of nucleic acid | responsible for the formation of complex shapes in single stranded RNA molecules |
| hair pin | one type of secondary structure created by internal base pairing | |
| stem loop | one type of secondary structure created by internal base pairing. a lollipop like structure in the RNA | |
| supercoil | a double helix (as of DNA) that has undergone additional twisting in the same direction as or in the opposite direction from the turns in the original helix | |
| nucleoid | supercoiled non relaxed circular chromosome of prokaryotic organism, floating in the cytoplasm of the cell | |
| chromosome | long strand of DNA double helix that may contain many genes. First identified as a "colored body" that appears in prophase of mitosis | may be many linear units in eukaryotes or a single circular unit in prokaryotes |
| chromatin | a composite of DNA and protein that makes up a chromosome | |
| chromatin structure | the organization and compaction of chromatin. Capable of change depending on how tightly the proteins are attached to the DNA and how much compaction has occurred. | |
| euchromatin | Less organized and compacted chromatin. Associated with areas of the chromosome actively expressed | |
| heterochromatin | Highly organized and compacted chromatin. Associated with areas of the chromsome not actively expressed. | Found near the centromere and ends of the chromosome. |
| histone | group of positively charged proteins that bind to DNA. Involved in forming nucleosomes and other chromatin structure. | |
| nucleosome | histone core with double stranded DNA wrapped around it, held in place by histone H1. Most fundamental unit of chromatin structure | an individual bead on the string |
| 30 nm fiber | formed when multiple nucleosomes aggregate together to form a higher level of chromatin organization. | |
| scaffold proteins | proteins which the 30 nm fiber attach to, forming a lamp brush chromosome. | |
| lamp brush chromosome | loops of 30 nm fibers coming off a core of scaffold protein. The typical chromatin structure during the majority of the life of the cell | |
| compacted replicated chromosome | the form of the chromosome in its typical X shaped structure that is visible during prophase of nuclear division and later stages | a fully compacted chromosome in its most heterochromatic state |
| centromere | a sequence within a chromosome that serves as a binding point that allows replicated sister chromatids to remain connected until anaphase of nuclear division. | |
| telomere | the ends of a linear chromosome composed of the same repeated telomere sequence that does not code for any RNA or protein. | |
| intergenic space | sequence of DNA on the chromosome in between individual genes | |
| gene | a unit of information found on a chromosome. | at the least it serves as a transcriptional unit, used to produce RNA |
Created by:
jthorns
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