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APUSH FINAL
kms its the end of the saga ig. also look at the review packet for essay topics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Treaty of Tordesillas | signed in Tordesillas, Spain (7 June 1494) - divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire, |
| Lost Colony | The colony of Roanoke, basically 120 colonists suddenly went missing after their leader left for more supplies |
| Patroonship/Headright system | a provision that any person who settled in Virginia or paid for the transportation expenses of another person who settled in Virginia should be entitled to receive fifty acres of land for each immigrant. |
| Jamestown/John Rolfe/John Smith | - the first permanent british colony settlement Js - the founder JR - English explorer, farmer, merchant. husband of Pocahontas and the first settler in the colony of Virginia to successfully cultivate a tobacco crop for export. |
| James Oglethorpe | The former colonial governor of Georgia, was a visionary, social reformer, and military leader. Established Georgia. |
| House of Burgesses/General Court Act of Toleration | legislative body of the Colony of Virginia, 2nd thing is statute saying you cant force someone into a religion in any way |
| Joint-Stock Company | A business owned by its investor; each investor owns a share of the company based on the amount they've invested. |
| Anne Hutchinson/Antinomianism | Puritan woman that disagreed with Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. displayed this trait, any view which rejects laws or legalism and argues against moral, religious or social norms |
| Roger Williams | Founded the colony of Providence in Rhode Island in 1636. |
| Bacon’s Rebellion | The most serious challenge of royal authority before the American Revolution; caused Virginia Colonial government to pursue harsher policies towards Native Americans. |
| ‘Fundamental Orders’ | Adopted in 1639 by Connecticut; was the first written constitution in Western tradition. |
| Quakers | members of the Religious Society of Friends, a Christian denomination. Believed that all people have equal access to God and can experience the light within. |
| Pueblo Revolt | A successful uprising against Spanish colonization in North America and led by Pope taking place in Santa Fe. Went against the Spanish attempts at religious ceremonies and traditions. |
| William Bradford | A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. |
| Massachusetts Bay Co./Colony | Allowed for trade and colonization of land between the Charles and Merrimack rivers in America. Led to the estrangement between the colony and England. |
| The New England Confederation | Provided defense of the four New England colonies and acted as a court in disputes between colonies. |
| The Dominion of New England | Created by King James to give him greater control over the American colonies and gave him more power over colonial trade, religion, and manufacturing. |
| King Philip’s War | Known as the First Indian War and was the Native American's last-ditch effort to avoid recognizing English authority and stopping English settlement on native lands. |
| : Stamp act | (1765) all hell breaks loose Tax on almanacs, newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards, legal docs (internal) for military fund Most controversial, influential in revolution |
| Declaratory act | (1766) -- reserves crown’s right to tax at free will, made right after stamp act is repealed. |
| Townshend act, | A series of laws passed by British Parliament imposing new taxes and regulations on the American colonies to raise revenue for the British Empire. |
| Intolerable acts | 1. Port bill 2. Massachusetts regulating act 3. New quartering act 4. Administration of justice act Meant to punish the city of Boston Sometimes Quebec act is included, not really though |
| Paine’s Common Sense, | Argued for independence from England and the creation of a democratic republic. |
| Dickinson’s ‘Letters from a farmer in Pennsylvania,’ | Protested the Townshend Duties and was circulated widely. |
| Suffolk Resolves | Pushed the colonies closer to war with the British and rejected the Massachusetts Government Act calling for a boycott of imported goods from Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed. |
| Quebec Act | A British law establishing governance of the Province of Quebec. |
| Voting in the American Colonies | people weren't allowed to vote in parliment, but they created their own state governments that would have legislations who'd vote |
| The Circular Letter | Stated that Great Britain had no right to tax the Thirteen Colonies without their representation. |
| Olive Branch Petition | July 1775, congresses last attempt at reconciliation. After colonists sieged Bunker Hill, king George III refused. He proclaimed rebellion, punishable by death, and hired german troops to squash any protest |
| Privateering | a private person or ship that engages in maritime warfare under a commission of war. I guess this was commonly used in the revolution or in british and european armies. |
| Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations | argued that the free-market system along with free trade would produce true national wealth, benefiting all social classes, not just the privileged few. babe was wrong, I can't even afford therapy |
| New England Confederation, | Formed in 1643; meant to provide the defense for the new England colonies and acted as a court in disputes between colonies. |
| Dominion of New England | A colonial administrative union created by King James II to centralize control over the New England colonies by merging them under a single royal governor. |
| Stamp Act Congress, | 27 representatives from 9 colonies came together to debate the stamp act, was ignored, but started waves |
| Continental Congress (1st & 2nd) | (1774) 1st made in reaction to intolerable acts, The declaration of resolves and formation of the association (1775) 2nd Convenes after L&C and makes Olive branch petition - last ditch effort |
| Revere’s Engraving, | A baldly biased depiction of the Boston Massacre on March 5th, 1770. |
| Washington Crossing the Delaware | Washington and his men successfully crossed and marched into Trenton (December 26) and won against the Hessians. By moving ahead with his bold and daring plan, Washington re-ignited the cause of freedom and gave new life to the American Revolution. |
| Lexington & Concord, | the famous 'shot heard 'round the world', marked the start of the American War of Independence (1775-83). Politically disastrous for the British, it persuaded many Americans to take up arms and support the cause of independence. |
| Bunker Hill, | American patriots were defeated but they proved they could hold their own against the superior British Army. The fierce fight confirmed that any reconciliation between England and her American colonies was no longer possible. |
| Saratoga | Turning point of the revolutionary wars, French began to aid US and organized the Pennsylvania militia. |
| Yorktown | Washington's forces defeated Lord Charles Cornwallis' veteran army dug in at Yorktown, Virginia. led directly to the peace negotiations that ended the war in 1783 and gave America its independence. |
| Benjamin Franklin, | First American diplomat serving from 1776 to 1778 on a commission to France |
| James Otis, | A colonial lawyer who defended (usually for free) colonial merchants who were accused of smuggling. Argued against the writs of assistance and the Stamp Act. |
| John Dickinson, | Conservative leader who wrote "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"; advocated for colonial rights but urged conciliation with England & opposed the Declaration of Independence; helped to write the Articles of Confederation. |
| Samuel Adams, | American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence |
| Richard Henry Lee, | Protested the Stamp Act in Virginia and was a politician and planter from Virginia who was indispensable to founding the United States. |
| Paul Revere, | American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818) |
| Patrick Henry, | a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799) |
| Phillis Wheatley, | First African American female writer to be published in the US. Poems on Various Subjects published in 1773, pioneered African-American literature. First African American to get a volume of poetry published. |
| Nathan Hale, | young 22 year old who was killed (hanged) without trial said that he regretted that he only has one life to die for America. |
| Sons of Liberty, | response to stamp act, In nyc, led by Samuel Adams Tarring and feathering Homes burned, looted Boycotts |
| Minute Men, | Men who pledged to take up arms at a minute's notice during and immediately before the American Revolution. |
| Hessians, | refers to the approximately 30,000 German troops hired by the British to help fight during the American Revolution. |
| Patriots & Tories | P - supporters of the colonies and independence T - AKA Loyalists, supporters of the crown |
| Population Growth | (from 1700) Mostly immigration growth of young english white males, very slow because of deadliness of Americas |
| Professions in the Colonies | Mostly farmers, doctors existed but were not appreciated, lawyers are pretty popular, then religious leaders |
| Mercantile Theory | a nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy. |
| Triangular Trade | the trade cycle between Africa, Britain, and the colonies which was legally questionable and traded mostly in slaves (from A to C), molasses (from C to B), and rum (from B to A) |
| Navigation Laws | Laws passed that made it so the colonies could only receive traded goods that had first been traded to Britain |
| Salutary Neglect | Britain left their colonies in America mostly on their own for about a century, preoccupied with wars and colonialism. This gave the colonies a sense of self-government and independence. |
| The Great Awakening | a religious revival that impacted the English colonies in America during the 1730s and 1740s. The movement came at a time when the idea of secular rationalism was being emphasized, and passion for religion had grown stale. |
| The Proclamation of 1763 | Absence of french, new land to patrol, No settlement west of appalachians Colonial response: fuck off (paxton boys uprising) |
| The Zenger Trial | A symbol of the American commitment to freedom of the press. Trial and acquittal of New Yorker John Peter Zenger on charges of seditious libel under British colonial government. |
| The Association | formed post intolerable acts, proposed a boycott on goods produced in Britain and its colonies, and also provided for the correct conduct of colonists during the boycott. |
| Writs of Assistance | (1761) Anti smuggling efforts Colonial response: james otis fights against unreasonable searches (4th amendment) |
| ‘No Taxation w/o Representation’ | James Otis, firebrand lawyer, popularized the phrase. Colonies didn't want to be taxed without their own say in it, wanted representation in parliament. crown refused: too far, already did a lot for colonies |
| Boston Massacre, | (march 5, 1770) - 11 people killed or wounded during protest Only 2 redcoats found guilty |
| Boston Tea Party | an American political and mercantile protest on December 16, 1773, by the Sons of Liberty in Boston in colonial Massachusetts. |
| French Aid in the Revolution | French thought about aiding colonies to gain a head over Britain, did after the war's turning point |
| Declaration of Rights & Grievances | The Stamp Act Congress passed this, claimed that American colonists were equal to all other British citizens, protested taxation without representation, and stated that, without colonial representation in Parliament, Parliament could not tax colonists. |
| Quartering Act, | (1765) Colonists had to provide housing to brit soldiers Colonial response: eh, cause brits mostly went to loyalists, but went on to inspire 3rd amendment |
| The Gaspee | June 9, 1772, a group of Rhode Islanders rowed to British schooner Gaspee on an anti-smuggling patrol. After threatening and shooting its commanding officer, the raiders looted the vessel and burned it to the waterline. |
| Committees of Correspondence | promoted manufacturing in the Thirteen Colonies and advised colonists not to buy goods imported from Britain. |
| Virtual Representation | the idea that the members of Parliament, including the Lords and the Crown-in-Parliament, reserved the right to speak for the interests of all British subjects |
| The Bill of Rights | The first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution, establishing the rights of Americans in relation to their government. |
| Women’s roles before & after the Revolutionary War | Prior to the revolutionary war, they were unable to own their own property, control their own money, or sign legal documents however after, women received more rights from republican motherhood. |
| Treaty of Greenville | treaty that took British and colony war ships of the great lakes |
| Battle of Fallen Timbers (1795) | Led to the Indians signed the Treaty of Greenville in 1795, ceding the areas Detroit and most of the river crossings in the Old Northwest Territory to the US. |
| Slavery | was kinda on a downturn before the cotton gin, so the founding fathers didnt really take care of it |
| Quock Walker, | an American slave who sued for and won his freedom suit case in June 1781. The court cited language in the new Massachusetts Constitution that declared all men to be born free and equal. |
| The Genet Affair | forced the United States to formulate a consistent policy on the issue of neutrality. |
| Impressment | Forced men to serve in the military against their will. |
| Jay’s Treaty | (1794) Remove western british troops Repayment of us depts to england Reinstution for us cargo seized Problems (dem-rep anger) |
| Pinckney Treaties | Resolved the territorial disputes between the US and Spain granting US ships free navigation of the Mississippi River as well as duty-free transport through New Orleans. |
| Jay-Gardoqui Treaty | A rejected treaty allowing the Spanish the exclusive right to navigate the Mississippi River. |
| Neutrality Proclamation of 1793 | Declared the United States neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain. |
| The Franco-American Alliance | Recognized the United States as an independent country giving needed military aid and loans. |
| John Jay | Maintained peace between the United States and Britain after the revolutionary war. |
| Washington’s Cabinet | Made of Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph. |
| The Electoral College | The process where the US elects the president allowing for the electing of the President and Vice President. |
| The Elastic & Supremacy Clauses | Gave Congress the power to pass laws that are "necessary and proper" for carrying out the powers listed in the Constitution. |
| The ‘Father of the Constitution | James Madison, America's fourth President (1809-1817) |
| Annapolis & Philly Conventions | 1. made To alter the Articles of Confederation and to talk about economic problems. 2. the first failed edition of 1 |
| How Americans fared as a whole after the War | |
| The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | Created a process of admission of new states to the Union from the Northwest Territory. Prohibited slavery in the region. Established framework for self-government in the territories. |
| The Land Ordinance of 1785 | Established a systematic method for surveying and selling western lands in the Northwest Territory. Divided the territory into townships Sale of public lands -> Encourage westward expansion |
| The Virginia/New Jersey Plans | Proposals presented at the Constitutional Convention in 1787. Virginia Plan - Favored larger states, representation based on population New Jersey Plan - Supported by smaller states, equal representation for all states in the legislative branch |
| Shay’s/Whiskey Rebellion | (1786) Farmers revolt in Massachusetts, Government can't do anything about it We need a new constitution! (was articles of confed then) - The government can't deal with a few farmers from Massachusetts??? |
| The Judiciary Act of 1789 | stablished the federal court system separate from individual state courts. It was one of the first acts of the First Congress. |
| Republican Government Founders vs. Framers | Founders - Broader term for those involved in the Revolutionary War and founding the nation. Framers - Specifically for those who helped draft the Constitution in 1787. |
| ‘Commerce Compromise’ | allowed Congress to regulate trade but prohibited the taxation of exports. |
| ‘3/5ths Compromise,’ | Agreement that put into the Constitution that three of five slaves were counted as citizens, for the purposes of taxation and electoral votes. 1787 |
| The ‘Connecticut Compromise,’ | settled the dispute over representation in the legislature (bicameral Congress), |
| The ‘D.C. Compromise,’ Goals | addressed the location of the federal capital (Washington, D.C.), |
| The Bank of the U.S., | created by Hamilton in his financial plan. Meant to fund the public debt from Revolution, issue national currency, and just nationalize the economy |
| Assumption, Funding at Par, Excise Taxes, | part of Alexander Hamilton's economic program. "Funding at Par" aimed to pay off Revolutionary War debts at face value, "Assumption" took state debts by the federal government, and excise taxes were imposed on certain domestic goods to generate revenue. |
| Articles of Confederation – Strengths & Weaknesses (vs. US Constitution) | pros -can declare war -can sign treaties -can borrow money cons - cant impose/raise taxes - no chief executive - cant regulate interstate commerce - difficult to pass laws, needed a 2/3 vote - unanimous vote to change articles |
| Beard’s An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution. | argued the framers of the U.S. Constitution were motivated by economic interests, particularly their own property and financial holdings. This interpretation sparked debates about the economic motivations behind the formation of the American government. |
| Hamilton’s Report on Public Credit and Report on Manufactures, | |
| Fiske’s The Critical Period, | a historical work that highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation. Fiske argued that the period following the Revolutionary War was critical due to the shortcomings of the government under the Articles. |
| Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws, | reflects on the influence of climate on society, the separation of political powers, and the need for checks on a powerful executive office. |
| The Federalist Papers, | a collection of 85 articles and essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay under the collective pseudonym "Publius" to promote the ratification of the Constitution of the United States. |
| John Locke & The Second Treatise on Government, | (1690) profoundly influenced American political thought. It argued for natural rights, including life, liberty, and property, and the right to revolution against oppressive governments, providing intellectual underpinnings for the American Revolution. |
| Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, | a seminal work by economist Adam Smith, published in 1776. It laid the foundation for classical economic thought, emphasizing the benefits of free markets, limited government intervention, and the pursuit of self-interest. |
| The Arguments of Jefferson vs. Hamilton (or The Federalists vs. the Democratic-Republicans); | |
| Reasons for Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation | the nation was too young and its military was too small to risk any sort of engagement with either France or Britain. |
| Why the Federalist Party died out | didnt change with the times, still on about problems that had been solved, so there wasnt really a need for them |
| The Monroe Doctrine | Monroe basically said to europe, "fuck off we dont need you to interfere, stay in your own lane" |
| The Cumberland Road | one of the first major infrastructure projects funded by the federal government. It connected the Potomac River to the Ohio River. Other major roads, like the Great National Pike, played similar roles in facilitating westward expansion. |
| The Second Bank of the U.S. | Chartered by Clay after the first one's charter was ending, but Jackson vetoed and killed it. |
| the ‘American System’ | Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. |
| Ending the Slave Trade | The United States and Britain, in 1808, separately enacted laws prohibiting the transatlantic slave trade. This marked a significant step toward the abolition of the international slave trade. |
| Treaty/Convention of 1818 | Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years. |
| Orders in Council, | British decrees issued during Napoleonic Wars that restricted neutral trade. required vessels to stop in British ports before continuing. factor in the tensions between the United States and Britain leading up to the War of 1812. |
| The Tariff of 1816 | one of the first protective tariffs in U.S. history. It aimed to protect American industries by imposing duties on imported goods, particularly textiles. |
| The Adams-Onis Treaty | (1819) between the United States and Spain resulted in the cession of Florida to the U.S. and defined the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase. |
| Rush-Bagot Agreement | (1817) between the United States and Britain limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes, promoting disarmament and easing tensions between the two nations. |
| Lewis & Clark | sent on an expedition by president Thomas Jefferson to explore and map the Louisiana Territory. helped by Sacagawea (she deserved so much better) |
| Louisiana Purchase | April 30, 1803 - Jefferson bought from Napoleon, doubled country size but was constitutionally questionable |
| Chesapeake-Leopard Affair , | (1807) was a naval confrontation between the USS Chesapeake and HMS Leopard off the coast of Virginia. The British ship Leopard attacked the American ship Chesapeake, leading to increased tensions between the United States and Britain. |
| , Barbary Pirates | North African pirates who operated in the Mediterranean, demanding tribute payments from nations in exchange for safe passage for their ships. |
| Tripolitan War | 1801-1805) was part of the First Barbary War, fought between the United States and the Barbary States. The conflict arose over piracy and ransom demands from the Barbary pirates in North Africa. |
| The Essex Junto & Burr Conspiracy | The Essex Junto was a group of Federalists in Massachusetts who plotted to secede from the Union in the early 19th century. Aaron Burr's conspiracy involved plans to establish an independent Western nation, possibly in the Mississippi River valley. |
| Albert Gallatin | an American politician, diplomat, and Secretary of the Treasury. He was responsible for balancing the budget, which let America purchase the Louisiana territory from France. |
| Chase’s near impeachment | |
| Nullification, Compact Theory | Nullification is the idea that states have the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional and therefore unenforceable within their borders. It is linked to the Compact Theory, which asserts that the Constitution is a compact among sovereign states. |
| Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions | (1798 and 1799) were authored by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, respectively. They argued that states had the right to nullify unconstitutional federal laws, responding to the Alien and Sedition Acts. |
| The Alien & Sedition Acts | (1798) a series of laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress, aimed at curbing criticism of the government and restricting the rights of immigrants. They were widely criticized for their perceived infringement on civil liberties. |
| The 12th Amendment | made it so that the electoral college had to vote for both president AND vice president; made it so that the president and vice president wouldn't be part of opposing parties |
| The mission of ‘Citizen’ Genet | |
| The XYZ Affair | diplomatic incident between US and France, American diplomats approached by French agents referred to as X, Y, and Z, demanding bribes for diplomatic negotiations. Increased anti-French sentiment in the U.S. and heightened tensions. |
| The Undeclared Naval War | skirmishes between American and French naval vessels in the Caribbean during the Quasi-War, an undeclared conflict stemming from tensions between the United States and revolutionary France. |
| Washington’s Farewell Address | Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism. |
| Andrew Jackson | 7th president, first democrat, "Jacksonian Democracy," really into native removal, signed the Native removal acts and was in the first Seminole wars |
| The Battle of Horseshoe Bend, | (1814) was a major engagement during the Creek War. Led by Andrew Jackson, U.S. forces defeated the Creek Nation, resulting in the cession of substantial Creek territories to the United States. |
| Tecumseh, | Shawnee leader who, along with his brother Tenskwatawa, sought to unite Native American tribes against American encroachment. He played a prominent role in conflicts like the Battle of Tippecanoe and the War of 1812. |
| The Battle of Tippacanoe | conflict between American forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison and Native American confederation led by Tecumseh's brother, Tenskwatawa. The American victory weakened Native American resistance in the Indiana Territory. |
| The Missouri Compromise of 1820: The Solutions/Provisions | |
| Battle of New Orleans | A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost. |
| Treaty of Ghent, | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. |
| The Hartford Convention, | Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence |
| War of 1812: Causes/Results of the War, | Causes - Britain’s trade interference and impressment ; westward expansion; end british presence in americas results decrease Native resistance, increased Patriotism, increased manufacturing , decreased political party divisions |
| War of 1812: capture of washington DC | August, 1814 the British captured the city and burned the White House and the Library of Congress. |
| War of 1812: Madisons War Declaration | June 1, 1812: message outlined what he believed to be America's chief diplomatic grievances with Britain: impressment, the British Orders in Council, and Britain's incitement of Indian warfare on America's western frontier. |
| Macon’s Bill No. 2 | 1810 - Forbade trade with Britain & France, but offered to resume trade with whichever lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain. |
| Non-Intercourse Act, | replaced the Embargo Act and reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France. It aimed to alleviate economic hardships while maintaining pressure on the two European powers to respect American neutrality. |
| Non-importation Act, | protest British and French trade restrictions by banning the importation of certain goods. It was part of President Thomas Jefferson's response to the harassment of American ships during the Napoleonic Wars. |
| Embargo Act, | controversial measure implemented by President Thomas Jefferson to protect American interests by restricting trade with foreign nations, particularly Britain and France. The act had severe economic consequences and was eventually repealed in 1809. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | 1824) was a Supreme Court case that clarified the federal government's authority over interstate commerce. The decision affirmed Congress's power to regulate commerce among the states, restricting state interference in this domain. |
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward, | (1819) Supreme Court case that protected private charters from impairment by state governments, reinforcing the sanctity of contracts and limiting state interference in private institutions. |
| Fletcher v. Peck, | (1810) was a Supreme Court case that upheld the sanctity of contracts and established the Court's authority to invalidate state laws that conflicted with the Constitution. |
| McCulloch v. Maryland, | (1819) confirmed the constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United States and established the principle of implied powers, giving the federal government the authority to take actions not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. |
| Marbury v. Madision, | (1803) was a landmark Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review. Chief Justice John Marshall's decision asserted the Court's authority to review the constitutionality of laws and executive actions. |
| The ‘Midnight Appointments’/Judiciary Act of 1801 | Increased the number of federal judges and court personnel Creation of new federal courts Passed by Federalist-controlled Congress Signed by President John Adams |
| The ‘Revolution of 1800,’ Election of 1800 & its’ significance | |
| Florida issue: Problems with Spain, Resolution | |
| The Conflict with France & England: Division within the U.S. | |
| Monroe Administration | Era of Good Feelings Missouri Compromise Monroe Doctrine |
| Madison administration | Same policies of Jefferson. Father of the Constitution. Repeals the embargo. Non-Intercourse Act Napoleon takes American ships. Macon's Bill # 2 War of 1812-influenced election which he won again. war win helps american pride |
| Jefferson Administration | Jefferson didn't like Constitution, or National Bank. Democratic Republican, anti-Hamiltonian. Stopped funding Navy. Dominated by Embargo Act. Secretary of State was Madison. |
| Thomas Jefferson’s ideas on the military/standing armies | Didn't like em, but after the Tripolitan war he acknowledged that they were kinda necessary. compromised by making standing army smaller than expected, but still there |
| Whigs vs. Democrats – Their Political views | Whigs- want to expand fed gov power and encourage industry, fearful of westward expansion unlike Democrat |
| The Pony Express | mailing system before the railroad |
| Transcendentalism | The promotion of spiritual and intuitive connection, often religious connection, over scientific connection |
| DeWitt Clinton | Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly |
| Commonwealth v. Hunt | strengthened the labor movement by upholding the legality of unions. |
| Nativism/’Know-Nothing’ Party | an intense loyalty to one's own nation and hate of immigrants, which this party was based entirely on |
| John Jacob Astor | guy who became suuuuper rich off of french fur trading in western outposts |
| Molly Maguires | (usually) irish immigrant coal workers who responded with violence against nativism and prejiduce |
| NINA, German/Irish Immigration | |
| Neil S. Dow | former mayor of Portland, Maine and an American Prohibition advocate. Due to influence, state legislature banned sale and production of alcohol. in 1880, ran for president in Prohibition party but lost. |
| American Temperance Society | Established in Boston Members pledged to abstain from drinking alcohol Named themselves the “Cold Water Army” |
| Amana Community | A German religious sect set up this community with communist overtones. Still in existence. |
| Shakers, | Ann Lee born in England and joined Shaker community there Had visions that she was female successor to Jesus and that lust was the original sin. Moved to New York after a vision told her to and established first American Quaker community. No sex!!! |
| Oneida Community, | A protestant christian community which practiced “Bible Communism,” which banned all personal possession of materials and sexual partners Gender equality in community tasks Supported polygamy/complex marriage Male continence Mutual criticism |
| Brook Farm, | A two hundred acre farming community led by George and Sophia Ripley, committed to transcendentalism in Massachusetts Social Progressivism Desire to reunite social classes Volunteered and shared physical labor Acknowledged women as intellectuals |
| New Harmony, | Founded by Robert Owen, a very wealthy Scottish textile manufacturer, was New Harmony, in Indiana. had 100+ people supported women's rights, education, and birth control |
| Lyceums | religious gatherings the 2nd great awakening was known for, which is what spread religious ferver |
| Oberlin College, | first college to teach women and African Americans |
| Mary Lyon, | In 1837 founded the first college for women, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary |
| Emma Willard, | encouraged to pursue education by father Started teaching at 17 Wrote a proposal to the New York Legislature titled “A Plan for Improving Female Education” that suggested teaching the same subjects to men & women founded Troy Seminary for women |
| William H. McGuffey, | the Ohio-born educator of the early 1800s whose 1830s textbooks sold 122 million copies in the following decades. |
| Noah Webster, | American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language. |
| Horace Mann, | Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; pro training & higher salaries to teachers |
| Why Jackson’s supporters would push for the Tariff of 1828? | they tried to fuck over John Quincy Adams w it, but that ended up backfiring |
| Day Adventists/Millerites | The Millerites, followers of William Miller, believed in the imminent Second Coming of Jesus. When the predicted date passed without the expected event (known as the Great Disappointment), some Millerites evolved into the Seventh-day Adventist movement. |
| 7th of march speech | March 7, 1850, Senator Daniel Webster - urging sectional compromise on the issue of slavery. Advising abolition-minded Northerners to forgo antislavery measures, he simultaneously cautioned Southerners that disunion inevitably would lead to war. |
| The ‘Burned-Over District,’ | Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening. |
| Charles Grandison Finney/Perfectionism, | An evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time (spoke in New York City). He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol. people must be perfect and sinless basically |
| Deism, | belief in the existence of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. used in 17th and 18th centuries, accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankind. |
| 2nd Great Awakening, | emphasized individual salvation, emotional preaching, and social reform movements. It had a profound impact on American society and contributed to the rise of various religious denominations. |
| Railroads/RR Cos. | transformed transportation and contributed to economic growth. Companies like the Union Pacific and Central Pacific played pivotal roles in the construction of the First Transcontinental Railroad. |
| The ‘Clippers’ & Steamboats, | Clippers were fast sailing ships used for trade and communication in the 19th century. Steamboats, powered by steam engines, revolutionized transportation on rivers and played a crucial role in both commerce and passenger travel. |
| Erie Canal/Other Canals, | connected the Great Lakes to the Hudson River, providing a vital transportation route and significantly reducing the cost of shipping goods between the East Coast and the Midwest. |
| Lancaster Turnpike, | 1795: one of the earliest toll roads in the United States. It connected Lancaster, Pennsylvania, to Philadelphia, facilitating transportation and economic development. |
| Cyrus Field | created the Atlantic Telegraph Company and laid the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean in 1858 |
| Robert Fulton, | American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815) |
| Cyrus McCormick, | invented the mechanical reaper |
| Emily Dickinson | romantic poet who was incredibly secretive during life, who then became famous after death |
| Louisa May Alcott | wrote "Little women", also worked as civil war nurse and made hospital sketches |
| John Deere, | Invented the steel plow |
| Samuel F.B. Morse, | created the telegraph and morse code |
| Elizabeth Blackwell, | Accepted to Geneva Medical College (as a joke) & received her medical degree Opened the New York infirmary for women & children with her sister and another female doctor Helped establish the London School of Medicine for women, taught gynecology |
| Catherine Beecher, | Founded the American Women’s Educational Association in 1852 A Treatise on Domestic Economy (1841) Standardized domestic practices Women could powerfully affect American society by staying at home |
| The ‘Cult of Domesticity,’ | A system of beliefs or values supporting ‘True Womanhood’ Women were solely designed for the purpose of wife and mother It had four main principles Piety, purity, submissiveness, and domesticity |
| The Seneca Falls Convention, | Held in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848 First women's rights convention in the U.S Attended by around 300 people |
| Margaret Fuller & The Dial, | the 2nd was a feminist newspaper she edited, she was also into "divine love" through absolute gender equality |
| Amelia Bloomer, | feminist who created the bloomer pants as feminist wear |
| Lucy Stone, | American suffragist who founded the American Women Suffrage Association. |
| Angelina & Sarah Grimke, | Abolitionists, women’s rights activists and writers Outcasts in the South for being Quakers, and outcasts from Quakers for “immodesty” (AKA writing a letter to a newspaper) |
| Susan B. Anthony, | Champion of temperance, abolition, the rights of labor, and equal pay for equal work forced University of Rochester to accept women quaker, believed everyone was equal under god Founded American Equal Rights Association, The Revolution newspaper |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton, | member of the women's right's movement in 1840. advocated suffrage for women at the first Women's Right's Convention in Seneca, New York 1848. read a "Declaration of Sentiments" which declared "all men and women are created equal." |
| Lucretia Mott, | Early women’s rights activists Championed abolition, women's suffrage, and gender equality her and stantons collaboration laid the foundation for the broader women’s rights movement in the U.S. |
| Republican Motherhood, | set of beliefs towards women’s roles before, during and after the American Revolution. Mothers and daughters were supposed to uphold Republicanism and pass it onto their children, stressing the importance of women becoming wives and mothers |
| Audubon’s Birds of America | a book of sketches of birds native to the americas, basically a scientific documentation of bird species |
| Henry David Thoreau, | American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. |
| Ralph Waldo Emerson, | American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement. |
| James Fennimore Cooper, | First great American author; wrote in the early 19th century; wrote The Last of the Mohicans; popularized naturalist literature; explored the line between civilization and nature. |
| Washington Irving, | wrote "The legend of sleepy hollow" |
| Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America | reflecting his interest in the American democratic process and appreciation of American civil society. Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality. Provided an outsider's objective view of the Age of Jackson. |
| The Knickerbocker Group | group in New York that wrote literature and enabled America to boast for the first time of a literature that matched its magnificent landscapes |
| Timothy Shay Arthur’s Ten Nights in a Barroom & What I Saw There | written in support of the temperance movement, details how a small town is ruined by a bar and alcoholism. Very republican motherhood too |
| Joseph Smith/Brigham Young/Mormonisn | JS -creator of mormonism, got murdered BY - famous Mormon leader you know what mormonism is |
| Elias Howe, Isaac Singer | first patented the (essentially) first sewing machine; second improved it and made it commercially successful; revolutionized textile processes |
| Eli Whitney, | created the cotton gin |
| Samuel Slater, | brought factory and industry practices to the USA from Britain |
| Panic of 1837 | economy began to crash in large part due to overspeculation. heavily inspired by Jackson's Specie circular and bank veto |
| The Indian Removal Act of 1830 | authorized Jackson to grant unsettled lands west of Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders. |
| The ‘New Democracy’ | Jackson's extension of Jefferson's belief led to this |
| ‘Indian Territory’/Trail of Tears | the trail southeastern natives were forced over after the native removal act. Many died of starvation, disease, exhaustion and more |
| Removal/Reorganization/Reservation | natives were removed from homelands, reorganized into new tribes on reservations often away from friends and families |
| Martin Van Buren | (1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt. |
| The Whig Party: Origins, Platform | The Whigs emerged in the 1830s in opposition to President Andrew Jackson, pulling together former members of the National Republican Party, the Anti-Masonic Party, and disaffected Democrats. |
| ‘Kitchen Cabinet’ | Andrew Jackson did not like his actual cabinet, so he gathered trusted friends and only listened to them. Was not very effective and broke apart a few times (see Peggy Eaton affair) |
| Rachel Jackson/Peggy Eaton ‘Affairs’ | basically a political scandal in which jacksons wife was heavily insulted by his kitchen cabinets wives and died soon after, jackson goes a-wall at their husbands |
| “King Caucus” | a closed door-door meeting of a political party's leaders in congress. The common people had no opportunity to participate. replaced by nomination conventions in 1830s |
| Worcester v. Georgia | Supreme Court case involving Cherokee Nation. said Georgia's extension of state law into Cherokee territory violated federal treaties, but President Jackson did not enforce the decision, leading to the forced removal of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears. |
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, | Supreme Court case in which the Cherokee Nation sought to prevent Georgia from enforcing state laws within Cherokee territory. The Court ruled that the Cherokees were not a foreign nation and lacked standing to sue. |
| Effect on the Panic of 1837 | literally every financial decision Jackson made contributed to this. His specie circular caused overspeculation, which a LARGER bank could handle but cause he killed BUS, the smaller ones failed |
| Pet Banks | Banks that jackson used in place of a national one, small and ultimately all failed, lead to the panic of 1837 |
| Specie Circular, | Jackson doesnt like rich people's speculation of west territory, makes it so people can only pay for land with metal currency. Bad move cause poor people dont even have that currency, now everyone's overspeculating |
| Anti-Masonic Party on elections | the first party to have a nomination committee |
| The Veto of the Maysfield Road | 1830 - Project in KY (clays state) that jackson vetoed, idk why ig to fuck with Clay, thats par for the course. Anyway Jax's a hypocrite, using fed power for states rights |
| Tariff of 1833; Adams, Jackson, Clay, Calhoun – their responses? | Jackson - im sending the government Clay - lets compromise Adams - opposes but lets it pass Calhoun - came up with nullification |
| The Force Bill & Compromise | response to ordinance of nullification (1833) Jackson doesnt side with the state, threatens to send federal troops Clay proposes The compromise tariff of 1833 (2nd big compromise of his) lowered 10% over 8 years Secession discussions die down |
| Ordinance of Nullification, | Response to tariff of 1832 Vows to bar federal enforcement of tariff Threatens secession |
| Tariff of 1832, | jackson's attempt to mend damage from tariff of 1828 Rates of tariff on imported goods 45% to 35% southern states aint pleased |
| South Carolina Exposition & Protest | Written in 1828 by Vice President Calhoun of S. Carolina to protest the the "Tariff of Abominations", which seemed to favor Northern industry; introduced the concept of state interposition & became the basis for S. Carolina's Nullification Doctrine |
| Webster-Hayne Debate of 1830, | senator daniel webster [ma] unionists VS senator robert hayne [sc] states rights/nullification Websters argument; opposed the compact theory Reasserted federal supremacy Denounced nullification |
| Tariff of Abominations, | Raised taxes on imported goods to be very high, so as to not compete with American goods; the South hated this because they felt it only helped the north, was one of the tarrifs that South Carolina nullified, causing nullification crisis |
| The ‘Corrupt Bargain,’ | basically Clay, very popular, showed support to John Q adams, not popular, and got him inagurated. then Clay became sec of state. |
| The Election of 1824: The Candidates, | Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and William Crawford |
| The Election of 1824: what happened in the election & overall | John Quincy Adams won by garnering more electoral votes through the House of Representatives, even though Jackson originally received more popular and electoral votes. showed Jackson's support and Adam's hate |
| Did the ‘Spoils System’ clean up excesses of government? | not entirely tbh, it helped with the public being involved but it also made it kinda corrupt |
| Origins of the Nullification Crisis & what ended it | the tariff of abominations and Jacksons' egging-on of the south started it, Clay's compromise tariff of 1833 solves it - Henry clays 2nd major compromise - Tariff lowered 10% more over the next 8 years - Secession discussions die down |
| Jackson’s charges against the Bank of the U.S. | elitist, corrupt, made the rich richer |
| Southern fear of the Missouri Compromise & Tariff of 1828 | if laws and acts could be so easily overturned, could they overturn slavery? Also the compromise threatened slavery, tariff benefited north at souths expense |
| What pushed the public towards politics (especially the South) | the fact that they weren't being represented well, also with Jackson's influence that supported voters involvement in government |
| Clara Barton | Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field. |
| Ulysses S. Grant | an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War. |
| George McClellan | pussy lil bitch boy leading Lincoln{s army, but he was too cautious and lost many battles so he fired the guy. Then he ran against lincoln in an election and lost horribly |
| Andrew Johnson | 17th President, Southerner from Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. first U.S. president to be impeached, survived removal by one vote. |
| Dorothea Dix | mental health advocate who helped fix and establish many asylums after seeing trauma during the civil war. I would not be healthy w/o her |
| Jefferson Davis | President of the Confederate States of America for the four years it existed |
| Stephen Douglas | Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebreaska Act and the Freeport Doctrine |
| William Seward | Purchased Alaska, which most people thought was stupid but it ended up having oil; argued that "Higher Law" above the Constitution (the will of the people as given by God) will decide if California becomes free or slave state, which lost him the election |
| Frederick Douglass | extremely literate former slave and abolitionist, close advisor to lincoln, U.S. Marshal for D.C., Recorder of Deeds for D.C., and Minister Resident and Consul General to Haiti. |
| Robert E. Lee | Confederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force |
| Roger Taney | racist judge who said in the Dred Scott case that slaves were objects |
| James K. Polk | President in March 1845. wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain, wanted to acquire California, to incorporate Texas into union. |
| Elijah Lovejoy | white abolitionist killed for his beliefs, every other white person went "holy shit" |
| Hinton Helper | wrote the impending crisis of the south, said slavery affected whites most... girl what |
| Abraham Lincoln | 16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865) |
| John Bell | creator of the telephone |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | Wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, highlighting the evils of slavery and angering the slaveholding South. |
| John Brown | Radical abolitionist, mostly known for Pottawatomie massacre (he and eight others killed 5 proslavery men) and the raid on Harpers Ferry (an attempt to begin a slave revolt in the south by taking hold of an arsenal in Virginia). He was executed in 1859 |
| Zachary Taylor | A general and national hero in the United States for fighting in the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812. Won the 1848 election. |
| William Lloyd Garrison | wrote The Liberator and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. |
| Henry Clay | Helped write the compromise of 1850 maintaining the Union and 1930, the one about slavery lines, Secretary of State for President John Quincy Adams. Known as the great compromiser. Also made the american system. |
| Nat Turner | A Black American slave who led the only effective, sustained slave rebellion in U.S. history. (1831) |
| Secession: Before & After Fort Sumter; | Before - South Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana , Mississippi, Georgia, Texas, Florida After - Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, Tennessee |
| Border States | Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, Delaware, and later West Virginia |
| Lincoln vs. Douglas | Debates between future president Abraham Lincoln and future nobody Stephen A. Douglass, mostly about the extension of slavery into new territories; put Lincoln on the map |
| Dred Scott Case: supreme court conclusion | Chief justice roger taney wrote Black people have no rights Property never ceases being property Congress cant take slaves away because property is protected under the 5th amendment |
| Senate seat for Illinois, | Stephen Douglas |
| Lincoln’s ‘House Divided’ Speech, | Basically Lincoln says that the states cant be half free and half slave anymore, there's gonna be conflict and someone has to back down |
| Stephen F. Austin, | Known as the father of Texas, he founded Texas bringing 300 families and their slaves from the United States to Mexico in 1825. |
| Freeport Doctrine, | states that a territory could determine whether to have slavery or not based on Popular Sovereignty. He believed it be a compromise between pro-slavery and anti-slavery positions. |
| Kansas’s Admission | admitted as a free state |
| Lecompton Constitution, | a pro-slavery document. If approved it would allow slavery in the state of Kansas. Both the proslavery constitutional convention and the free-state legislature claimed to have the authority to call for an election on the Lecompton Constitution. |
| ‘Pottawatomie Massacre,’ | led by john brown, May 24–25, 1856, in the Kansas Territory. he and followers murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in Kansas then mutilated their bodies to scare other slave supporters and to keep slavery supporters from moving into Kansas. |
| NE Emigrant Aid Society | provided funds to Kansas-bound settlers to help alleviate travel expenses, sometimes paying upwards of 25 percent of the overall cost per individual, if they voted for slavery in Kansas |
| Popular Sovereignty | the idea that the people should be able to vote about slavery in their state, supported by Stephen Douglas |
| Kansas & Nebraska Territories | Stephen Douglas divided the land west of Missouri to create these two areas arguing in favor of popular sovereignty. |
| Bloody Kansas | after popular sovereignty passes, everyone starts going to kansas to ensure slavery/no slavery |
| James Buchanan | 1856 winner (democrat) sometimes considered worst president in america kinda ignored/didnt handle a lot of problems |
| Ostend Manifesto (1854), | a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused. Cuba's annexation had long been a goal of U.S. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), | Popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories. invalidated the Missouri Compromise Stephen douglas’s role - hard supporter of pop. sov., encouraged many people south scared at how easily slavery laws are overturned |
| Gadsden Purchase (1853), | a 29,640-square-mile region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that the United States acquired from Mexico by the Treaty of Mesilla, which took effect on June 8, 1854. |
| Franklin Pierce, | president from 1853-57, a forgettable president northern democrat signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act enforced fugitive slave act anti-abolitionist |
| Election of 1844, 1848, 1852, 1856: | 1. James K. Polk defeats Henry Clay, dem win 2, Zachary Taylor defeats Lewis Cass, whig win 3. Franklin Pierce defeats Whig Winfield Scott, dem win 4. James Buchanan defeats John C. Frémont, dem win |
| Lewis Cass, | Founded the Historical Society of Michigan and was the governor of the Michigan Territory. Secretary of war under President Andrew Jackson and created the Trail of Tears. |
| Personal Liberty Laws | enacted between 1780 and 1859, protected African-Americans from kidnapping and from being claimed as fugitive slaves. Slave-holding states complained that the laws violated the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. |
| Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, | basically enforced more laws around slave retrieval in the north, north created personal liberty laws in response. also screwed with underground railroad effectiveness |
| New Mexico & Utah Territories, | left to popular sovereignty, both became slave states |
| California, | obtained after the Mexican American War, which polk really wanted. lots of debate over slavery or no slavery, popular sovereignty eventually said no slavery |
| Missouri Compromise of 1820, 36'30 line | compromise proposed by Clay saying that states above the 36'30 line should be free states, and below it should be slave states |
| the Compromise of 1850 | Passed by Congress resolving regional disagreements over slavery. Admitted California as a free state, divided the Mexican Cession into the territories of New Mexico and Utah, ended slave trade, and included a strict fugitive slave law. |
| Uncle Tom’s Cabin | written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, anti slavery novel about slaves' experience, very inflammatory and one cause of the civil war |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | (1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million |
| ‘American Blood on American Soil,’ | the incident which James K Polk claimed happened in which mexicans killed americans on their land, questionable validity, basis of the Mexican American War |
| The Rio Grande & Nueces Rivers | the rivers in-between which land was heavily contested, no one was really sure if it was America's or Mexico's |
| Spot Resolutions, | Lincoln's offer to the house of representatives to have Polk explain exactly which spots had american blood been spilled on american soil |
| The Wilmot Proviso, | a proposition, failed, which would have meant all territories gained from the Mexican American War were to be free states |
| Mexican-American War: California and Texas | Both were obtained during war, but many argued about whether theyd be free or slave. Cali ended up free and Texas a slave state |
| The Slidell Mission | John Slidell was sent to Mexico by pres. James K. Polk to buy New Mexico and California for $30 million, and negotiate Texas border. He was refused. |
| Horace Greeley | An American newspaper editor and founder of the Republican party. His New York Tribune was America's most influential newspaper 1840-1870. Greeley used it to promote Whig and Republican parties, as well as antislavery and a host of reforms. |
| Treaty of Oregon | The United States and Great Britain signed the Treaty of Oregon on June 15, 1846, ending 28 years of joint occupancy of the Pacific Northwest. |
| The 4 Promises of Polk, | Annex california, Acquire Oregon, Lower the tariff (1846 walker tariff), and establish an independent treasury Annex texas (but that happened 3 days before he took office) |
| The Election of 1844 | Clay vs. Polk, where Polk would surprisingly win (see dark horse) Polk was the only speaker of the house elected president |
| Annexation of texas | President James K. Polk signed this to annex this state and it became the 28 state of the Union. |
| Mexico (Independence, Slavery, Santa Anna), | mexican war of independence - Sep 16, 1810 – Sep 27, 1821 antislavery leader of Mexico; caudillo; helped Mexico defeat Spain; had dictorial powers; |
| 1825 Colonization Law, | 8/18/1824, Mexican govt passed this, allowed foreigners to settle on any vacant public land in Mexico, but restricted foreigners from settling within twenty leagues of the border with another country and within ten leagues of the coast. |
| Monitor v. Merrimac | Monitor: U.S. Iron-clad ship, fought against Merrimac (formerly the Virginia) Confederate Iron-clad ship |
| Frederick Jackson Turner & the ‘Safety Valve Theory’ | Proposed that America's Western frontier was an economic 'safety-value', allowing for migrating in eastern states. |
| Joseph Glidden | American businessman and farmer. He was the inventor of the modern barbed wire in 1873. |
| The Dumbbell Tenement | 7-8 stories, poor ventilation, community toilets. basically the shittiest college dorms possible |
| Eugene V. Debs | Leader of American Railway Union, organized Pullman strike. Jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after strike. Socialist Party of America leader, ran for president several times. Convicted under the Espionage and Sedition Acts in WWI. |
| The Chinese Exclusion Act | 1881) first act to attack specific enthic group, passed in 1882, prohibiting chinese laborers until 1943 |
| Posse Comitatus Act | 1878, which removed the military from regular civil law enforcement, was enacted in response to the abuses resulting from the extensive use of the army in civil law enforcement during the Civil War and the Reconstruction. |
| Angel Island, Ellis Island | Checkpoints for immigrants Angel Island on the West Coast -> Chinese Immigrants Ellis Island on the East Coast -> European Immigrants |
| Birds of Passage/Sojourners | BoP - europeans and other immigrants who only came to america for money, then left after they got it S - immigrants who wanted to stay with their own group of people in the states |
| ‘Old’ vs. ‘New’ Immigrants | Old - pre1880/civil war, from western europe. Irish catholics, german protestants/catholics/jew New - post 1880 - southern, eastern european, asia, italians, croats, slovaks, greeks, poles |
| Iron Clad Oaths/Yellow Dog Contracts | Basically worker's contracts that made workers give up their rights to work at the place |
| The Gospel of Wealth | By Andrew Carnegie-- believed that hard work would bring riches, believed that the rich should spread their money across and to schools and libraries and whatnot |
| Social Darwinism | the belief that life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by “survival of the fittest,” kinda supported capitalism |
| Interstate Commerce Act | (1887) Regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. Required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. |
| The Bessemer Process | first inexpensive industrial process for mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. |
| Pools, Trusts | 1.money given to someone with the intention of using it for others' goods 2. Agreement between railroads to divide competition. Equalization was achieved by dividing traffic. |
| Horizontal/Vertical Integration | vertical - person or business controls entire supply chain of an industry. See Andrew Carnegie horizontal - the person or business controls one step of supply chain or production process. See John D. Rockefeller |
| Grandfather Clauses | laws put in place in the South after the U.S. Civil War to prevent African Americans from voting. New laws governing who could and could not vote were implemented that required literacy tests, owning property, and the payment of poll taxes. |
| Gerrymandering | changing of voting regions |
| The ‘Solid South’ | after the end of reconstruction, the south is now entirely democrat again |
| Panic/Depression of 1893 | conflict over the value of the nation's currency led lenders to call in their loans. A weakening American currency frightened foreign investors, helping to start a four-year depression.] |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Victory at Antietam allowed Lincoln to issue: a. slaves in areas still in rebellion declared free (useless) b. Civil War becomes moral crusade on race – “Moral Cause” of South weakened c. Unpopular in North & South d. kept England out of the War |
| Laissez-faire | abstention by governments from interfering in the workings of the free market. |
| The Pendleton Act | (1883) Civil Service Act reform passed because of Andrew Garfield's assassination, whose assassin was rejected from a gov. position under him. |
| Garfield’s assassination | 20th president, assassinated by Charles Guiteau because he didn't get a civil service job due to the spoils system |
| Thomas Nast | a political cartoonist who turned the public against corrupt democrat of Tammany Hall, William Tweed |
| Boss Tweed & Tammany Hall | William Magear Tweed (April 3, 1823 – April 12, 1878) - political boss of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party's political machine that played a major role in politics of 19th-century New York City and state. really corrupt |
| Panic of 1873 | Result of black friday scandal, collapse of jay cooke Co. and great chicago fire |
| A Century of Dishonor | a non-fiction book by Helen Hunt Jackson first published in 1881 that chronicled the experiences of Native Americans in the United States |
| The Dawes Severalty Act, | 1887) - movement from reservation to assimilation: 160 acres per head of household for farming Land held for 25 years, Indians receive citizenship & land title Shift from tribal ownership to individual ownership Attempts to “legally” take Native land |
| Battle of Wounded Knee, | Also known as the Wounded Knee Massacre. About 150 Sioux killed. |
| Battle of Little Big Horn, | About 350 troops killed. Gen. George Armstrong Custer dies Chief Sitting Bull |
| The Chivington/Sand Creek Massacre, | (Colorado, 1864) massacre of Cheyenne and Arapaho people by the U.S. Army in the American Indian Wars |
| The Great Railroad Strike, | (1877) – First nationwide strike |
| The Haymarket Square Bombing, | A worker-led riot and bombing that was blamed on the knights of labor |
| Homestead Strike, | (1892) – Carnegie’s Steel Plant near Pittsburgh • Use of Pinkerton Detectives |
| Pullman Strike, | (1894) – Led by Eugene V. Debs, Attorney General Richard Olney sends federal troops • The first time a government injunction • Striking made a crime (not previously defined as illegal) |
| American Federation of Labor | (1886-1955) ~ Samuel Gompers • Better wages, hours, & working conditions • Only included skilled laborers |
| National Labor Union, | 1st nationally organized union 1866-1872, 600,000 members Goals: social reform, shorter work days, arbitration of industrial disputes |
| Knights of Labor, | 1869-1886 Terrence powderly Skilled and unskilled workers, women and black people included haymarket square bombing discredited it and it fell apart |
| Gettysburg Address | Declaring that the US would stand as a country where all men are equal and should be treated as such. Given by Abraham Lincoln and given after the battle of Gettysburg. |
| Armour/Morris/Swift | pioneers in the development of the meat-packing industry. Refrigerated RR cars transported the meat to all parts of the country. |
| Cornelius Vanderbilt, | 1869 - consolidated a number of short lines between NY & Buffalo to form the country’s first great RR system, the NY Central. He pioneered the use of steel rails & bridges. Robber Baron. |
| James B. Duke, | him & his brother Benjamin formed the American Tobacco Co., absorbing competitors by threatening to ruin them through price wars |
| J.P. Morgan, | headed the largest private banking & securities house in the U.S. In 1901, Morgan & his associates purchased the Carnegie Steel Co. & merged it with other steel producers to form the huge U.S. Steel Co., the nation’s first billion-dollar company. |
| John D. Rockefeller, | entered oil refining business in the 1860’s & soon became one of the nation’s industrial giants. His Standard Oil Co. bought competitors or drove them out of business, gaining almost compete control of the refining, transportation, & distribution of oil. |
| Andrew Carnegie, | dominated the iron & steel industry (U.S. Steel) in the late 19th century, mainly operating in the Pittsburgh area. Philanthropist, also believed hard work pays off |
| W.E.B. Dubois: Confrontationalism/Interracialism | Demanded immediate social and economic equality for blacks and end to segregation |
| W.E.B. Dubois: Talented Tenth, | the necessity for higher education to develop the leadership capacity among the most able 10 percent of black Americans. |
| W.E.B. Dubois: NAACP, | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People - aimed to secure for all people the rights guaranteed in the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the United States Constitution |
| W.E.B. Dubois: The Niagara Movement, | formed opposition to booker t, a foundation for NAACP (1910), called for full civil liberties for African Americans |
| Booker T. Washington: The Atlanta Compromise, | A speech he delivered basically saying that black people could learn to do just fine on their own as freed men, just that white people give em space |
| Booker T. Washington: Accomodationism/Gradualism | begrudgingly accepted segregation, Advocated that black people learn useful skills to earn self respect, economic equality |
| Wabash Case | states didnt have right to regulate interstate commerce, blow to munn decision Led to Interstate Commerce Act (1887), set up ICC |
| Munn v. Illinois, | public regulation of private business involved in serving public interest was deemed constitutional |
| Plessy v. Ferguson; | Case that highlights the failure of reconstruction, says that segregation is ok as long as its equal (wayyy too vague) |
| Civil Rights Cases (& the 14th Amendment), | Civil rights cases (1883) - cant restrict the rights of a business, its a person, but businesses can restrict black rights The 14th amendment - all americans get same civil rights, but supreme court only applies it to restrictions on fed gov |
| Slaughterhouse Cases, | Court ruled protection of “labor” was not a federal, but a state responsibility, under the 14th Amendment |
| Jim Crow Laws | state and local laws introduced in the Southern United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that enforced racial segregation |
| Rutherford B. Hayes & Samuel Tilden, | 1876 presidential election Republican hayes vs democratic tilden Hayes lost popular vote but won electoral vote by 1 vote Hayes wins |
| The End of Reconstruction: The Election of 1876 & Compromise of 1877, | 1876 election, Hayes won. 1877 - Grant had removed Reconstruction troops from all but 3 South states, & Southern politics began removing any gains Blacks had made in terms of Civil Rights. Compromise of 1877 ends Military Reconstruction. |
| Lincoln’s Assassination | shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theater in Washington, D.C., April 14, 1865 |
| Belknap Bribery | (1876) Secretary of War W.W. Belknap took bribes from companies/traders in exchange for allowing them to sell and trade on reservations with Native Americans. |
| Whiskey Ring, | May 1875, Liquor taxes laundered |
| Salary Grab Act, | included a 50 percent salary increase for the president and members of Congress, retroactive to the beginning of the term, which was the most highly contested provision in the bill. Public outcry led Congress to rescind the congressional salary increase. |
| Credit Mobilier, | a two-part fraud conducted from 1864 to 1867 by the Union Pacific Railroad and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company in the building of the eastern portion of the first transcontinental railroad. |
| Black Friday, | a securities market panic that occurred on September 24, 1869, as a result of plummeting gold prices. The crash was a consequence of an attempt by financier Jay Gould and railway magnate James Fisk to corner the gold market and drive up the price |
| Advantages of Big Business | modern, efficient plants up-to-date, specialized machinery -Production costs down for big raw material purchases Pushes scientific research nationwide distribution networks industrial waste into useful by-products +sales thru ads |
| Andrew Johnson & the Veto | Andrew Johnson used, possibly abused, the power of the veto granted to him in presidency. A lot. Main veto being on the 2nd recharter of the Bank of the U.S. |
| Carpetbaggers, Scalawags | |
| Wade-Davis Bill (1864) | plan for Reconstruction that required 50% of a state's 1860 voters to take an "iron clad" oath of allegiance and a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials; pocket-vetoed by Lincoln. |
| KKK | Stands for Ku Klux Klan and started right after the Civil War in 1866. The Southern establishment took charge by passing discriminatory laws known as the black codes. |
| The Enforcement Acts, | 1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen's right to vote |
| Tenure of Office Act | (1867) Radical attempt to diminish Andrew Johnson's authority by saying the president couldnt remove civilian officials w/o Senate approval; Johnson removed Edwin Stanton (secretary of war), House of Representatives impeached him over his actions. |
| Blanche K. Bruce | |
| Military Reconstruction Act | divided the South into five military districts governed by previous Union generals. To be eligible for readmittance to the Union, each Confederate state was required to pass the 13th and 14th Amendments and hold new elections. |
| Hiram Revels, | the first African American Senator |
| Oliver Howard | headed the Freedmen's Bureau (1865–72) to help rehabilitate former slaves during the period of Reconstruction. |
| Freemen’s Bureau, | Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War |
| 13th/14th/15th Amendments | 13 - no slavery, unless as punishment for crime 14 - born in US? citizen, and you cant take their rights w/o due process 15 - all races may vote, even if previously slave |
| Thaddeus Stevens | A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress. |
| Charles Sumner, | Delivered antislavery speech "The Crimes of Kansas", got beat with a cane by Preston Brooks, who was proslavery. |
| Exodusters | African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas. |
| Sharecropping/Crop Lien System | A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops. |
| Black Codes | |
| 10% Plan | (1863) Lincoln's reconstruction plan post-Civil War. Said a state could be reintegrated into Union when 10% of voters pledged allegiance to U.S. & to abide by emancipation, then formally erect state governments. Lenient & effective. |
| The Three Plans | plans for Reconstruction, Lincoln's plan, Johnson's plan, and the Radical Republican plan. |
| Lincoln & the Civil War: The Suspension of Habeas Corpus, | basically lincoln limited speech about south support during the war, everyone wondered if that was constitutional, the Ex Parte Merriman and Ex Parte Milligan said it wasnt |
| Ex Parte Merriman and Ex Parte Milligan | (1861 + 1866) Merriman ruled that abraham lincoln's suspension of habeas cabeas was unconstitutional; Milligan ruled that using military courts to try a civilian when civilian courts are open is unconstitutional |
| Trent Affair | 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release |
| Northern Conscription | had to be conscripted unless you had money |
| Draft Riots | poorer people rioted cause rich people could pay to avoid conscription |
| ‘20 Negro Law’ | if southern guys had 20+ slaves, you could stay home from the draft |
| Income Tax | The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced the first income tax in U.S. history to fund the Civil War. It was later replaced by the Revenue Act of 1862, which established a more comprehensive income tax system. |
| Copperheads Election of 1864 | |
| People’s Part of the USA/Populist Party: Goals, People, Accomplishments, Failure? | U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies |
| Reconstruction & its’ failures | -Black Codes -KKK -Republicans lose power in House and Senate -Share Cropping -Reconstruction left blacks trapped in poverty. |
| Gilded Age politics, economy & society | |
| The Societal/Political/Economic issues surrounding the Civil War | preservation of the Union, slavery, Northern Economy vs. Southern Economy |
| Mexican-American War & the Compromise of 1850 - impact on society | |
| Manifest Destiny’s Role in American Politics & Society | motivated a lot of presidents to move westward, especially Polk who started the Mexican American war for it. Also allowed the states to become developed so quickly |
| Sectionalism & Nationalism during the period from 1800-1860 | |
| Impact of the Louisiana Purchase & the Marshall Court | |
| Sectionalism & the War of 1812 | |
| Hamilton/Jefferson conflicts | states rights vs federal power, national banks vs independent banks, big army vs small army, how american economics should be handled |
| Foundations of political parties, Federalist/D-R | |
| The conflict over ‘Taxation Without Representation’ | basically, colonists in the 13 colonies were being taxed quite a bit without any rep in parliment, which is the major conflict of most things before the american revolution, and kinda the revolution but also cause Britain took it too far |
| England’s Success in the French & Indian War & the seeds of Revolution | basically colonists thought "we have war experience now, and if we won in this war, maybe we can win in a fight against britain :\\\" |
| Women’s Right to Vote (1st states) | Wyoming,Montana, Idaho, Colorado, California, soon followed by New York, Michigan, Oklahoma, and South Dakota. |
| James B. Weaver – Greenback & Populist | Founder of the Populist (Peoples') Party Presidential Candidate - Won 22 electoral votes |
| Omaha Platform | 1892 political platform of the Populist Party Called for various reforms; bimetallism, progressive income tax, and direct election of senators. Addressing concerns of farmers and workers |
| Greenback Labor Party (Goals) | an American political party with an anti-monopoly ideology which was active between 1874 and 1889. Focused upon repeal of the Specie Resumption Act of 1875 and the renewed use of non-gold-backed United States Notes |
| Farmers’ Alliances | founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy |
| Pollock v. Farmer’s Loan & Trust Co. | court voided portions of the Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 that imposed a direct tax on the incomes of American citizens and corporations, thus declaring the federal income tax unconstitutional. |
| Death of the Populist Party, | William Jennings Bryan, populist elective, lost the election, ending all of the farmer's hopes and decreasing the party's popularity |
| Coxey’s Army | 1894 - A protest march of unemployed workers led by Jacob Coxey. Wanted government intervention to create jobs during economic depression of the 1890s. |
| graduated income tax | tax brackets where tax rates increase as income increases. in the 1800s, Those with an annual income between $600 and $10,000 were taxed at the rate of 3 percent while those earning over $10,000 paid 5 percent. |
| Sherman Silver Purchase Act | required the government to purchase 4.5 million ounces of silver every month to mint coins and to back paper currency. |
| Sherman Anti-Trust Act | July 2, 1890 - antitrust law which prescribes the rule of free competition among those engaged in commerce, passed by John Sherman |
| The Bland-Allison Act | 1878 - Required the U.S. Treasury to purchase a certain amount of silver each month to be coined into silver dollars. Compromise measure related to the debate over bimetallism |
| The ‘Billion Dollar’ Congress, Its problems | 51st United States Congress (1889-91) Spent way too much Significantly increased government expenditures |
| The Oklahoma Land Grab/Sooners/89ers | an event in which previously restricted land of the United States was opened to homestead on a first-arrival basis. Lands were opened and sold first-come or by bid 89ers and sooner are people that participated in it |
| Grangers | Org in 1870s, midwest, south and texas as a fraternal organization, NOT political Set up cooperative associations Social and educational components Succeeded in lobbying for granger laws Rapidly declined by late 1870s |
| The ‘Cross of Gold’ , | Speech given by William Jennings Bryan Blasted the gold standard "You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold." |
| Gold Standard, | a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. |
| 16 to 1, | the arbitrary ratio of the number of ounces of silver equal in value to one ounce of gold in the bi-metallic monetary system established by Portugal in 1688 |
| William Harvey, | 17th-century English physician Contributed to understanding blood circulation "De Motu Cordis" (On the Motion of the Heart) helped us understand the circulatory system |
| Bimetalllism, | a system of allowing the unrestricted currency of two metals (e.g. gold and silver) as legal tender at a fixed ratio to each other. |
| Greenbacks, | paper money Farmers wanted to inflate these notes to cover losses. |
| The ‘Ohio Idea,’ | idea by poor midwesterners to redeem federal war bonds in greenbacks (paper money) rather than in gold; would inflate its value, benefitting them; endorsed by democratic party |
| Ignatius Donnelly, | |
| Mary Elizabeth Lease, | Founder of the Populist (Peoples') Party "Raise less corn & more hell" |
| Tom Watson | Founder of the Populist (Peoples') Party Leader in the South |
| The Election of 1896: William Jennings Bryan & William McKinley, | McKinley won |
| The Election of 1896: Marcus Hanna, | A friend and political ally of President William McKinley, Hanna used his wealth and business skills to successfully manage McKinley's presidential campaigns in 1896 and in 1900. |
| McKinley Tariff (1890) | increased average duties across all imports from 38% to 49.5%. increased the taxes on most imported goods while eliminating taxes on luxury items. |
| Wilson-Gorman Tariff (1894)/Dingley Tariff (1897 | WGT - slightly reduced the United States tariff rates from the numbers set in the 1890 McKinley tariff and imposed a 2% tax on income over $4,000. DT - raise rates and encourage trade reciprocity. |
| Disadvantages of Big Business | 1) Tendency to become monopolistic 2) Destroys competition – ‘Vertical’ & ‘Horizontal’ Integration, Pools, Trusts 3) Drive out small businesses 4) Concentrates enormous wealth & power in the hands of a few 5) excessive power over government officials |
| The Free Soil Party | short-lived coalition political party active from 1848-1854, when it merged into the Republican Party. The party was largely focused on the single issue of opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories of the United States. |
| John Winthrop | English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in founding the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the second major settlement in New England following Plymouth Colony. |
| Internal vs. External Taxes | Internal: Taxes a colony imposes on itself External: Taxes imposed on a colony by country, AKA britain. This is what really pissed off the colonies, led to "no tax w/o rep" |
| The Mayflower Compact | 1620 - Foundational document created by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower Established a social contract for self-governance in Plymouth Colony, with consent of all male settlers |
| Albany Congress | 1754 - albany congress Ben franklin; must unite the colonies, only 7 show One purpose - Iroquois-British relations Long-term - unite the colonies, defend against france didnt go very well, not many showed and everyone shot down |
| Lowell/Waltham System | Francis Cabot Lowell & other factory owners recruited farm girls to work in their textile factories Gave women some economic independence, but conditions were terrible Civil War & appeal of cheap foreign labor stopped the use of “factory girls” |
| Impressment | practice of forcibly recruiting American sailors into the British Navy during the early 19th century, a major point of contention between the United States and Britain and a contributing factor to the War of 1812. |
| Our Country: Its Present Crisis, Its Possible Future | |
| The Influence of Sea Power Upon History | an influential treatise on naval warfare written in 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan. It details the role of sea power throughout history and discusses the various factors needed to support a strong navy. |
| Henry Cabot Lodge, TR & Albert Beveridge on expansion | |
| The ‘D’s of Imperialism’ | 1. Defense 2. Dollars 3. Democracy 4. Destiny 5. Duty |
| Significance of the Hawaiian Issue | Queen liliuokalani and attempts at nationalism Sandford dole mainly had american biz there, and there was a big sugar tariff that he had there. Didnt wanna pay it so tried to annex it First major debate on imperialism in US (1893) |
| The Monroe Doctrine & Latin America | (1832) an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers, basically allowed free reign of US in LA |
| Cleveland, McKinley & TR on Imperialism | TR - “strong nations dominating weak is a part of natural law” |
| Admiral Dewey, Emilio Aguinaldo & the Philippines | During Spanish-American War, they side w us (led by Emilio Aguinaldo) Dewy dominates the war and wins After war, US are oppressors, give now-ours Philippines few rights Conflict starts & Aguinaldo switches sides, lasts 2 years |
| Venezuelan & Dominican debts & foreign policy | |
| The McKinley Tariff & Hawaii | placed higher tariff on imported sugar, Hawaii's primary market. The taxes strained the relationships of American investors and sugar farmers in Hawaii, leading to the eventual annexation of Hawaii into the United States to avoid the tariffs on sugar. |
| Taft & Wilson on foreign affairs | Wilsons imperialism mirror TRs, heavy on interference and treaties, esp. in Latin America Taft's "Dollar Diplomacy" encourags/protects American trade in LA and Asia. believed a strong economic presence abroad would advance American interests. |
| Hawaii: The Imperialism Debate, | |
| Sanford Dole & the Hawaiian Revolt, | American business groups revolted against the queen and with the help of some marines overthrew and replaced government. The guy was one of the businessmen. |
| Queen Liliuokalani | the Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests |
| The Spanish-American War: Yellow Journalism and Pulitzer/Hearst, | basically, yellow journalism played a huge role is public perception of the war, with pulitzer making it look particularly bad |
| Frederic Remington (Spanish-American War), | A painter and sculptor who romanticized the west and cowboys |
| De Lôme Letter, | Spanish Ambassador's letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. |
| The U.S.S. Maine, | Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War, turns out to not be important. |
| Leonard Wood, | a physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba and Governor General of the Philippines. Also in rough riders. |
| The ‘Rough Riders’ & ‘Buffalo Soldiers' of Spanish American War | 1. Volunteer regiment of US Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War 2. Nickname for African-American soldiers who fought in the wars against Native Americans living on the Great Plains during the war |
| Battles of Santiago & San Juan Hill, | 1. July 3, 1898, largest naval engagement of the Spanish-American War and resulted in the destruction of the Spanish Caribbean Squadron. 2, Location of an important American land victory in Cuba, credited to Rough Riders |
| USS Oregon, | Warship involved in Spanish-American blockade in Cuba in 1898. Went from Cuba to the Philippines by going around the Southern tip of South America. Showed that we need a better route between the Atlantic and the Pacific. |
| Treaty of Paris (1898) , | Commissioners from U.S. sent to Paris to make war-ending treaty w/ Spain after 6 months. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philipines. Cuba was freed from Spain. |
| ‘Splendid Little War’ | What John Hay called the Spanish-American War |
| The Cuban Revolt & Valeriano Weyler, | 1895, Cuban nationalists sabotaged and laid waste to Cuban plantations. Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler who put civilians into armed camps where many died. |
| The Teller & Platt Amendments | Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war/ a treaty between the U.S. and Cuba that attempted to protect Cuba's independence from foreign intervention. |
| Filipino-American War, | 1899-1902, Filipinos, led by Emilio Aquinaldo, unsuccessfully tried to gain independence from U.S. control. US didnt give, based on the argument that the Filipinos were not prepared to govern themselves |
| Tydings-McDuffie Act | (1934) provided for the independence of Philippines after a 12 year period of econimc, political tutelage |
| The Foraker Act | (1900) Congress accorded the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular gov't and in 1917, granted then US citizenship. Worked wonders in education, sanitation, transportation, + more |
| Panamanian Revolution | (1903) Broke out after the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty. Panama didnt want Colombian rule. Bunau-Varilla and US naval forces aided in revolution; US justified intervention by a strained interpretation of treaty of 1846 |
| The Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, | 1850 - Treaty between U.S. and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881. |
| Hay-Pauncefote Treaty (1901) & Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903) | 1. permission granted by Panama for US to dig a canal ; permitted by the British (to be ally against Germany) ; negotiated under Roosevelt 2. granted the US the right to build a canal (Colombia protested, but building continued) |
| The Russo-Japanese War, | (1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious. |
| Treaty of Portsmouth, | Ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905); signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). |
| Gentlemen’s Agreement, , | organized by Theodore Roosevelt with Japan to limit Japanese immigration to America; Japan wanted their people for labor, America was racist |
| The ‘Yellow Peril’ | exactly how it sounds, turn of 19th century brought hella asian immigrants and hella racism |
| ‘Seward’s Folly’ | many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly. however, there turned out to be hella oil there. |
| The Pan-American Union | Organization established in 1889 between the United States and Latin American nations to share information |
| Venezuela Border Dispute (1895 and 1896) | between Venezuela and British Ghana over gold found on their undefined border, US goes to arbitrate the boundary and Eng wins |
| The U.S.S. Baltimore Incident | A riot in Valparaiso Chile in 1891 left two crewmen dead and 17 injured. In 1913-14 it was converted to a mine-laying cruiser, eventually being predesignated a CM-1. |
| The McKinley Assassination | McKinley was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz (an anarchist) in 1901, making Roosevelt the president (Republican) |
| John Hay | Secretary of State under McKinley and Roosevelt who pioneered the open-door policy in China for free trade and Panama canal (_____-Pauncefote Treaty & _____ -Bunau-Varilla Treaty). Described the Spanish American War as the "splendid little war" |
| Open Door Policy, | A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. |
| Full constitutional rights are not granted to all citizens in places under American control. | uprising in China against foreign influence. suppressed by an international force of some eighteen thousand soldiers, including several thousand Americans. Paved the way for revolution of 1911 and making of the Republic of China in 1912. |
| Insular Cases (1901) | Full constitutional rights are not granted to all citizens in places under American control. Passed because of Spanish-American war to determine the state of territories in relation to US. fueled the Filipino-American War (1899-1902) |
| The ‘Great White Fleet’ | TR's plan to show off US Navy to the world as a political stunt |
| TR’s ‘Big Stick’ Diplomacy | Diplomatic policy where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy. |
| The ‘Roosevelt Corollary’ | 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force |
| American Protective Association | An organization created by nativists in 1887 that campaigned for laws to restrict immigration |
| The Anti-Imperialist League | Formed in 1898 in opposition to combat American intervention into foreign affairs. |
| The Algeciras Conference | regulated French and Spanish intervention in Moroccan internal affairs and reaffirmed the authority of the sultan. It was a humiliation for Germany, which failed to obtain support for its hardline attitude towards France except from Austria‐Hungary. |
| ‘Dollar Diplomacy’ | used during President Taft's term, this was a form of American foreign policy to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of economic power and guaranteed loans. |
| The Wright Brothers | created the first working plane in 1903 |
| The Election of 1912 (People, ideas, parties), | |
| TR’s Osawatomie Speech | called for the end of special protections for businesses in government. He declared that anyone who worked hard should be able to provide for themselves and their family, and that no one person was more entitled to special privileges than another. |
| Progressivism vs. Populism | - movement that responded to the pressures of industrialization and urbanization by promoting reforms vs. - doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite |
| What did TR think of the trusts? | Was kinda okay with them in smaller cases, but not when it came to monopoly trusts. Busted a lot of railroad trusts |
| Progressivism of TR, Taft, Wilson | TR: environmentalism, trust-busts Taft: Wilson: |
| The 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th Amendments | 16: Allows the federal government to collect income tax 17: Direct election of senators 18: Prohibition of alcohol 19: Women's sufferage |
| The split between TR & Taft | |
| The Elkins Act (1903), Hepburn Act (1906), & Mann-Elkins Act (1910) | - fines on railroads offering rebates and the shippers accepting - allowed Interstate Commerce Commission to set max rail rates/examine financial records - ICC can suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. |
| Nellie Bly, | *muckraking* United States journalist who exposed bad conditions in mental institutions (1867-1922). Also wrote Around the World in 72 Days |
| Henry Demarest Lloyd, | |
| Thorstein Veblen, | |
| Jacob Riis, | Early 1900's muckraker who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. with his novel "How The Other Half Lives"; exposed the poor conditions of the poor tenements in NYC and Hell's Kitchen |
| Henry George, | |
| Horatio Alger, | |
| Mark Twain | United States writer and humorist best known for his novels "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" |
| Upton Sinclair, | muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. Led to reforms by TR such as the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act. |
| Ida Tarbell, | A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry and Standard Oil with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil. |
| Lincoln Steffens, | |
| John Spargo, | |
| Ray Stannard Baker, | |
| Frank Norris, | |
| Theodore Dreiser, | |
| Jack London | A young California writer and adventurer who portrayed the conflict between nature and civilization in his novels. |
| : Jane Addams, | Founder of the settlement house movement, created Hull House, a settlement house. Wanted to improve conditions for immigrants in the industrial district of Chicago. On Chicago's Board of Edu and got the Noble Peace Prize Associated w/ Lillian Wald |
| Francis Willard, | Became leader of the WCTU (Women's Christian Temperance Union). She worked to educate people about the evils of alcohol. She urged laws banning the sale of liquor. Also worked to outlaw saloons as step towards strengthening democracy. |
| Carrie Nation, | created sensation by raiding saloons + smashing barrels of beer with a hatchet, radical prohibitionist and feminist. Created a branch of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). |
| Charlotte Perkins Gilman, | |
| Margaret Sanger, | leader of movement to legalize birth control during early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections NYC, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League. |
| Susan B. Anthony, | |
| Helen Keller, | |
| Mary Baker Eddy | Founded the Church of Christian Scientists and set forth the basic doctrine of Christian Science which promotes healing via mental and spiritual teachings. Wrote "Christian Science Monitor" |
| Northern Securities Co. vs. U.S., | |
| Muller v. Oregon (1908) | First case to use the "Brandeis brief"; recognized a 10-hour work day for women laundry workers on the grounds of health and community concerns. |
| Adkins v. Children's Hospital (1923) | Declared unconstitutional a minimum wage law for women on the grounds that it denied women freedom of contract. |
| Lochner v. New York (1905) | Declared unconstitutional a New York act limiting the working hours of bakers due to a denial of the 14th Amendment rights. |
| The Danbury Hatters’ Case, | |
| Adair v. U.S., | |
| Schenck v. U.S. | |
| Robert LaFollette, | Republican Senator/Wisconsin Governor who made the Wisconsin Idea - ran for president under Progressive Party against Coolidge in 1824 - proponent of Progressivism, opponent of trusts, bossism, WWI, League of Nations. Helped to create Progressive Party. |
| Hiram Johnson, | |
| Charles Evans Hughes | |
| J.P. Morgan, | Bought Carnegie Steel and renames it U.S. Steel. consolidated railroads with his Northern Securities Company. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. "Robber baron." Helped support economy during 1907 Panic. |
| The Federal Reserve/Owen-Glass Act (1913) | central banking system of the United States signed by President Wilson. |
| Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909), | supposed to lower tariff rates but Senator Nelson N. Aldrich of Rhode Island put revisions that raised tariffs. This split the Repulican party into progressives (lower tariff) and conservatives (high tariff). |
| Underwood-Simmons Tariff (1913), | |
| Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922) | Increased tariffs on industrial goods. |
| : Pancho Villa, | A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution of 1910. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. |
| John Pershing, | Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace |
| The ABC Powers | The South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between Mexico and the United States in 1914. |
| WWI Administrations: The War Industries Board, | Regulated American industry during WWI. Wanted to stimulate wartime production by allocating raw materials to factories that aided the war effort. |
| WWI Administrations: The Food Administration, | |
| WWI Administrations: Victory Gardens & Liberty Bonds, | |
| WWI Administrations: The War Labor Board, | |
| WWI Administrations: The Committee on Public Information/Creel Committee | Created during WWI to spread pro-Allied propaganda across the country. Newspapers were asked to only print articles that supported the war. |
| The League of Nations, | |
| WWI: Self-Determination, | |
| WWI: The ‘Big Four’ @ Paris, | British Prime Minister, US President Woodrow Wilson, French Premier, and Italy Premier |
| Treaty of Versailles (& Article X), | contriversal treaty which required much of germany w/o its input. required each participating nation to “respect and preserve as against external aggression the territorial integrity and existing political independence of all Members.” |
| The Lodge Reservations & Irreconcilables (William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Bob La Follette) | 14 formal amendments to the treaty for the League of Nations; preserved Monroe Doctrine, Congress desired to keep declaration of war to itself. The latter were those, including lodge, who didnt accept the League of Nations. |
| The Social Gospel | Originated in the Protestant church and aimed to help the urban poor |
| The Gospel of Wealth | This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy. |
| The ‘Acres of Diamonds’ speeches | |
| The ‘Wisconsin Experiment’ Reform, | Carried out by Robert La Follete |
| Progressivism: Recall, Referendum | Recall Allowed voters to remove an elected official from office before their term expired. Ref. Allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws. |
| The Adamson Act (1916) | Wilson pushed passage of this act that mandated an eight hour workday and time and a half for overtime. significant victory for workers and showed the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. |
| Louis Brandeis | A lawyer and jurist, he created the "Brandeis Brief," which succinctly outlines the facts of the case and cites legal precedents, in order to persuade the judge to make a certain ruling. |
| Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy | Ballinger sold millions of acres of land in Alaska to private business interests. When Pinchot, head of Forest Service, objected, Taft fired him. |
| The Square Deal | Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers |
| The Anthracite Coal Strike | 1902 United Mine Workers of America strike in eastern Pennsylvania which threatened to cause an energy crisis, requiring the federal government to intervene on the side of labor (first time) |
| Keating-Owen Act (1916) | Prohibited the sale of interstate commerce goods produced by children |
| The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | 1911, fire in NYC that killed 150 female workers who had been locked into the factory. Enacted many factory reforms. |
| Breakup of Standard Oil & US Steel | |
| Meat Inspection, Pure Food & Drug Acts | Brought about by Upton Sinclair's, "The Jungle," |
| Volstead Act (1919) | This law that established a Prohibition Bureau within the Treasury Department was under budgeted and largely ineffective, especially in strongly anti-prohibition states |
| Oliver Wendell Holmes | justice in Supreme Court. Known for doctrine of "clear and present danger" and "fire in a theater" that supported the Espionage and Sedition Acts (limiting free speech, Schenck v. US). Known as Great Dissenter |
| Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914 | |
| The IWW & William Haywood | |
| Birth of a Nation | |
| The Comstock Laws | |
| Ludlow & Centralia Massacres | |
| Socialist Party & Eugene V. Debs | |
| The ‘Triple Wall of Privilege’ | coined by him, Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom sought to achieve economic equality by attacking these issues: the tariff, the banks, and the trusts. |
| The Great War: Charles Evans Hughes | |
| The Zimmerman Telegram | Intercepted message from the German foreign minister to Mexico stating that if Mexico would attack the US, they would be given back all the territory the US took from them. |
| Gore-McLemore Resolution | |
| House-Grey Memorandum | |
| Lusitania (1915) | Sunk in 1915 by a German submarine. 139 American killed. Forced Germany to stop submarine warfare. |
| Unrestricted Submarine Warfare | Germans announced they would immediately sink any ship from any country attempting to enter an Allied port. |
| Wilson's Neutrality Proclamation | |
| The Sussex Ultimatum/Pledge | Germany agreed not to sink any ships without prior warning. |
| Debs & WWI | |
| Espionage & Sedition Acts | two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI |
| Selective Service Act of 1917 | |
| The Great Migration & Race Riots | |
| John Pershing & Chateau-Thierry | |
| The American Expeditionary Force | |
| Wilson’s Stroke & Edith Wilson | |
| Russia: Murmansk & Archangel | 1. The First British involvement in the war was the landing here in early March 1918. 2. The city resisted Bolshevik rule from 1918 to 1920 and was a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik White Army. |
| Emergency Quota Act of 1921 | Limited immigration to 3% the existing amount living in the US. Limited immigration of Eastern and Southern Europeans. |
| Immigration Acts of 1924 & 1929 | 1. limited immigration to 2 percent of that nationality already living in the United States in 1890. Asian exclusion act and national origins act. 2: allows certain immigrants who have built lives in the United States to regularize their status |
| Marcus Garvey, | African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927. Wanted Black money with Black businesses |
| the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) | a black nationalist fraternal organization founded by Marcus Garvey, and Amy Ashwood Garvey. Strong influence on African-American history and development. Back to Africa movement, anticolonial. |
| ‘Back to Africa’ Movement, | A movement for black people to migrate in masses back to Africa, Jamaican politician Marcus Garvey believed in this |
| the Black Star Line | A fleet of ships created by Garvey and the UNIA, meant to bring prosperity to black people and eventually transport them back to Africa. |
| Harry Daugherty, | Involved in a scandal involving a German owned company operating in the US that had been seized by the US during WWI. A German agent bribed a 'go between' politician and part of the bribe money ended up in Daugherty's bank. |
| Teapot Dome Scandal | during the Harding administration. Secretary of the Interior, Fall, had two oil deposits put under the jurisdiction of his department and leased them to private companies for large sums of money. |
| The Veteran’s Bureau Scandal: Albert Fall and Charles Forbes | 1. Nowhere says exactly what he did, probably something similar or involved with Forbes 2. head of the Veteran's Bureau sold medical supplies from veteran's hospitals and kept the money |
| ‘Trickle-Down’ Economics; Andrew Mellon on the debt? | promoted measures that protected the wealthy and businesses in the belief that wealth would trickle down to lower levels of society As they spent more. |
| The Capper-Volstead Act & McNary-Haugen Bill | |
| The Television, Radio & Movies: The Jazz Singer, | Became incredibly popular after the turn of the century,, specifically with black culture and music thriving because of the popularity. |
| KDKA in Pittsburgh, | |
| Vladimir Zworkin & Philo Farnsworth | |
| The Lindbergh Baby Trial, | |
| Sacco & Vanzetti and their Trial, | Anarchists accused of robbery and murder at shoe factory. Ultimately convicted and executed, but may not have been guilty. Convicted due to Red Scare and xenophobia. |
| Leopold & Loeb and their Trial | |
| The Scopes Trial | John T. Scopes tried to teach evolution, everybody's mad now. Clarence Darrow as defense, William J. Bryan as Prosectuor. ultimately convicted but verdict was overturned. |
| Women: Equal Rights Amendment | |
| Gibson Girl | |
| Flappers, | |
| Margaret Sanger, | leader of the movement to legalize birth control (early 1900s). Nurse in the poor sections of NYC, Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood. Also advocated eugenics. |
| Amelia Earhart, | First female pilot to cross the Atlantic. She disappeared while trying to fly around the world |
| Clara Bow, | an American actress who rose to stardom in the silent film era of the 1920s; her acting artistry and high spirits made her the premier flapper; leading sex symbol of the roaring twenties |
| Women: Muller v. Oregon/Adkins v. Children’s Hospital | |
| George Washington Carver, | African American farmer and food scientist. His research improved farming in the South by developing new products using peanuts. |
| Birth of a Nation (D.W. Griffith), | A silent epic by famous director who carried motion pictures, but also based on a KKK book... |
| The Rebirth (& Death) of the KKK, | |
| The Red Scare & Palmer Raids, | A fear of anyone being a communist spy, which led to the latter. Thousands of Americans not born in the US were arrested and many were sent back to their country of origin. |
| Langston Hughes, | |
| Zora Neale Hurston, | African American writer and folklore scholar who played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance. known for Their Eyes Were Watching God. |
| Duke Ellington, | |
| Louis Armstrong, | Leading African American jazz musician during the Harlem Renaissance; he was a talented trumpeter whose style influenced many later musicians. "What a Wonderful World" |
| The Cotton Club | |
| The Lost Generation: Gertrude Stein, | |
| The Lost Generation: Henry L. Mencken, | |
| The Lost Generation: F. Scott Fitzgerald and the Themes of The Great Gatsby | |
| The Lost Generation: Ernest Hemmingway; The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms | |
| The Lost Generation: Sinclair Lewis, | |
| The Lost Generation: William Faulkner; | |
| The Lost Generation: T.S. Eliot, | |
| The Lost Generation: Robert Frost | |
| Charles Evan Hughes, | reformist Republican governor of NY, gained fame as investigator of malpractices. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election. Secretary of State of Warren Harding and advocated reduction in arms. Also a Supreme Court Justice. |
| The Disarmament Conferences: The Five Power Treaty, | 1922 *Committed the US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to restricting construction of new battleship class ships *Pact gave Japan naval supremacy in the Pacific |
| The Disarmament Conferences: Four Power Treaty & Nine Power Treaty, | 1. US, Britain, France, Japan, cease battleship production for 10years and reduce fleet to a fixed ratio. 2, pledged Britain, France, Italy, Japan, the United States, China, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium, abide by the Open Door Policy in China. |
| The Disarmament Conferences: Japan’s perceived slight | |
| Babe Ruth, | |
| Jack Dempsey & the ‘Million-Dollar Gate Fight,’ | United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight champion, demonstrated increased increase in sports, involved in 1st million dollar gate fight |
| Speakeasies | underground clubs that became increasingly popular in the 1920s, due to the availability of alcohol and black jazz musicians. |
| Barton's "The Man Nobody Knows" | Barton presents Jesus as "the founder of modern business," in an effort to make the Christian story accessible to businessmen of the time. One of the best selling non-fiction books of the 20th century. |
| The Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 1917 | Lessened the tension in the feuds between the U.S. and Japan by recognizing Japan's sphere of influence in China in exchange for Japan's continued recognition of the Open Door policy in China. |
| Esch-Cummins Act (1920) | |
| Al Capone and John Dillinger | |
| 18th/21st Amendments | |
| Henry Ford and Ransom Olds | The two men who first revolutionized the automobile industry through mass production. |
| Taylorism | |
| Principles of Scientific Management | |
| The Lindbergh Kidnapping & Trial | -FIRST TIME TV in court - Richard Bruno Hauptmann kidnapped and murdered Charles Lindbergh's baby - cameras in court room said to be too chaotic and resulted in an unfair trial |
| The IWW, Strikes & Socialist Party | |
| he Bolshevik Revolution | |
| Dawes (1924) & Young (1929) Plans | |
| Alfred Smith | |
| The 1920 census on city living | |
| Causes of Great Depression: who's to blame? | Two Main Things: Stock market - Lots of over speculation pushing up prices, when it suddenly crashes everyone loses money Hoover - Perceived to have not done anything to help and was president during crash, gets blamed |
| Hoover vs. FDR on the solution to the Great Depression | Hoover: Very nonchalant about it, kinda thinking things will sort itself out, doing stuff but not in the public eye FDR: let's create a bunch of new programs to help stimulate the economy |
| The ‘Banking Holiday,’ | Also known as the Emergency Banking Act of 1933, Roosevelt-declared closing of all U.S. financial institutions in order to stop panic and prepare reforms. |
| The ‘Hundred Days’ Congress, | Popular term for the special session of Congress in early 1933 that passed vast quantities of Roosevelt-initiated legislation |
| Glass-Steagall Act, | 1933 - established Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to protect individuals' bank accounts, to protect depositors from potential losses through stock speculation, later repealed b/c feared its limits on banking were unhealthy. |
| FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) | Established during the 'first 100 days' of FDR's New Deal to halt panic over bank closings. It insured the deposits of individual citizens. |
| SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) | created in the aftermath of the Wall Street Crash of 1929. made to enforce the law against market manipulation. |
| CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) | New Deal Program, Provided jobs for 2.5 million young Americans in forest and conservation programs. |
| PWA (Public Works Administration) | |
| AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Administration) (1st & 2nd), | Tried to stop the decline in farm prices by paying them not to produce certain products. |
| NIRA (National Industry Recovery Act) & NRA (National Recovery Administration)+ The Blue Eagle (We do our part), | NIRA: Established to stop falling prices in industry. NRA: promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages BE: symbol of the National Recovery Admin. (NRA), which attempted to reorganize and reform U.S. industry |
| TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority) | Created in the New Deal to oversee construction of dams, which provided electricity and flood control for those in the Tenn. Valley Area. |
| WPA (Works Progress Administration) | New Deal program that employed 8 million Americans. Projects included construction of schools and roads. |
| The Wagner Act | New Deal legislation that protected the right of workers to form union and utilize collective bargaining. |
| Every Man a King" & "Share the wealth" | Huey Long's motto, basically advocating wealth redistribution and socialism by giving every american $5000 I think?? |
| Hoovervilles, Hoover Blankets, etc. | The houses, newspaper blankets, etc. used by the poor during the great depression |
| The Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932) | Act that guarantees workers' right to organize and restricts issuance of court injunctions against nonviolent union activity such as strikes, picketing, and boycotts. |
| The Election of 1932 | Franklin Roosevelt became the first Democrat in 80 years to win the presidency by a majority vote, rather than a plurality. On Capitol Hill, House Democrats gained 97 seats for a nearly three-to-one margin over the Republicans. |
| The RFC (Reconstruction Finance Corporation) | Gave money to banks who were authorized to loan this money to businesses and railroads. |
| The Bonus March | 43,000 people – 17,000 WWI vets, their families, and affiliated groups – who gathered in Washington, D.C., in mid-1932 to demand early cash redemption of their service bonus certificates. final nail in coffin to hoover administration. |
| Fireside Chats | A common practice of FDR's where he'd do regular radio shows assuring the American people and making him seem more relatable and close |
| ‘Okies’/‘Arkies’ & The Dust Bowl | 1. derogatory name of mid westerners fleeing to California from the "dust bowl" 2. severe droughts and dust storms that damaged the ecology and agriculture of the US prairies during the 1930s; |
| ‘New Deal’, ‘Fear itself’ speeches | 1. "Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously". 2. promised prompt, vigorous action to fix depression, “the only thing we have to fear is fear itself.” |
| The London Economic Conference | A sixty-nation economic conference organized to stabilize international currency rates. By Roosevelt revoking U.S. participation, there was a deeper world economic crisis. |
| The Grapes of Wrath | (John Steinbeck) A story and criticism which detailed the effects of the dust bowl, |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women. |
| The ‘Brain Trust’ | |
| Schecter v. US/Butler v. US | 1. NIRA was declared unconstitutional. 2. declared AAA unconstitutional, though a second one was formed |
| Frances Perkins | U.S. Secretary of Labor (under FDR) from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. Helped to create Social Security Act, advocated labor rights. |
| Dr. Francis Townshend | American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935. |
| Charles Coughlin | Catholic priest who used his popular radio program to criticize the New Deal; he grew increasingly anti-Roosevelt and anti-Semitic until the Catholic Church pulled him off the air. |
| Keynesian Economics | Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms. |
| Judiciary Reorganization Bill & the ‘Court-Packing’ controversy | |
| The invasion of Poland & start of WWII | |
| U.S. & the Jews during WWII | |
| The Greer, Kearny & Ruben James & the ‘Shoot on Sight’ policy | |
| The Neutrality Acts: Compare 1935/1936 to 1937 | 1935/36: If countries went to war, the US would not trade arms with them for six months 1937: gave US permission to trade/provide arms with countries engaged with Germany and Japan. |
| The Neutrality Acts: Cash & Carry | any nonmilitary goods sold to nations at war would have to be paid for up front and transported in non-American ships. |
| The Neutrality Acts: What changed from the 1937 to 1939 acts? | 1937: gave US permission to trade/provide arms with countries engaged with Germany and Japan. 1939: Allowed cash-and-carry to countries at war in order to indirectly support Britain and France in WW2. |
| Appeasement: Japan & Manchuria, | |
| Appeasement: Hoover-Stimson Doctrine, | |
| Appeasement: Italy & Ethiopia (1935), | |
| Appeasement: The Spanish Civil War (1936), | |
| Appeasement: Germany & the Rhineland (1936), | |
| Appeasement: The Panay Incident (1937), | |
| Appeasement: The Munich Conference & the Sudetenland | |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), | |
| Clark Memorandum (1928), | |
| Reciprocal Trade Agreement (1934), | |
| Nye Committee (1934), | Congressional committee led by Sen. Gerald Nye who investigated America's entry into WWI. They found that bankers and arms manufacturers influenced this decision. |
| Jones Act/Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934), | |
| Ludlow Amendment (1935), | |
| WWI American "Neutrality": Destroyers-for-bases program (1940) | United States gave the British 50 obsolete destroyers in exchange for 99-year leases to territory in Newfoundland and the Caribbean... thats not very neutral |
| Atlantic Charter (1941), | |
| Lend-Lease Act (1941) (&‘Garden Hose’ & ‘Chewing Gum’ Analogies) | Congress gave the president the ability to send immediate aid to Britain. Justified basically by saying the supplies were already used (chewing gum) and that its an emergency, they shouldn't be worried about getting them paid back (Garden hose) |
| Foreign Leaders: Francisco Franco | |
| Foreign Leaders: Mussolini, | |
| Foreign Leaders: Hitler, | |
| Foreign Leaders: Chamberlain, | |
| Foreign Leaders: Churchill, | |
| Foreign Leaders: Stalin | |
| The ‘Quarantine’ Speech, | FDR Speech, |
| The ‘Arsenal of Democracy’ Speech, | FDR Speech, |
| The ‘Four Freedoms’ Speech, | FDR Speech, |
| The ‘Date in Infamy’ Declaration | FDR Speech, |
| The ‘Undeclared Naval War,’ | |
| The Fall of France & Burke-Wadsworth Act, | |
| Operation Torch, | |
| Battle of the Bulge | Last major German offensive of the war. Allies were pushed back into Belgium, but with reinforcements were able to force the Germans to retreat. |
| Island Hopping | The idea of American land units in the phillipines during WWII to win by "hopping" to island from island and winning battles there, Led majorly by Douglas MacArthur |
| : Doolittle Raid (1942), | Attack on Tokyo as revenge for Pearl Harbor; did not cause much damage, but led to a morale boost in the U.S. and skepticism in Japan regarding victory |
| ‘Purple’ & ‘Magic,’ | ciphers used during WWII |
| Bataan Death March, | Forced march of US and Filipino soldiers by the Japanese over 60 miles during which 10,000 were killed. |
| Battle of Coral Sea, | First decisive victory for the Americans in the Pacific War. This battle stopped the Japanese advance into Australia. |
| Battle of Midway, | Turning point in the Pacific War, in which Japan was never able to launch another major offensive. |
| Battle of Guadalcanal (1942) | Allies conquer their 1st Japanese island and start the island hopping strategy. Hand-to-hand combat. |
| Nagasaki and Hiroshima | Atomic bombs were dropped on these Japanese cities during WWII |
| Leyte Gulf, | Largest naval battle of World War II; Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) lost almost all its ships; first battle in which Japanese aircraft carried out organized kamikaze attacks |
| Guam, | Americans secured this remote Pacific island from Spain after the war over Cuba. Americans had captured it earlier, before the residents even knew that there was a war going on. |
| Iwo Jima, | a bloody and prolonged operation on the island of Iwo Jima in which American marines landed and defeated Japanese defenders (February and March 1945) |
| Henry Kaiser & the Liberty Ships, | industrialist who won a gov, contract to build "Liberty Ships", which were cargo ships used in WWII. made immense amount I1 ship every 14 days), father of modern American shipbuilding. Established Kaiser Shipyard, later Kaiser Aluminum & Kaiser Steel. |
| Dumbarton Oaks Conference | In a meeting near Washington, D.C., held from August 21 to October 7, 1944, U.S., Great Britain, U.S.S.R. and China met to draft the constitution of the United Nations. |
| Yalta Conference | Meeting between the big three; made decisions about the future of postwar Europe. Germany would be divided into four zones, free elections would take place after the war in Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan. |
| Potsdam Conference | Conference between Truman, Clement Atlee, and Stalin to discuss the future of Eastern Europe. Nazi war leaders were to be tried for war-crimes and Truman announced to Stalin the existence of the atomic bomb. |
| Cordell Hull, | FDR's sec. of state, promoted reciprocal trade agreements, esp. with Latin America. helped make Reciprocal Trade Agreements Acts; supported Good Neighbor Policy. Played a role in drafting the UN charter. |
| Jesse Owens, | African American who won 4 gold medals at the Olympic games in Germany under Hitler (a blow to Nazi notions of a master race and white supremacy). Faced discrimination at the Berlin Olympics in 1936 |
| Charles Lindbergh, | aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974). Outspoken isolationist for the America 1st Committee. And known for the _______ Law about interstate kidnappings after his child was kidnapped and killed |
| Douglas MacArthur, | American general, commanded allied troops in the Pacific during WWII. Helped with reconstruction in Japan post WWII and also was the main general in the Korean War who was fired by Truman for insubordination. |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower, | US general who supervised Normandy, Casablanca and Nazi Germany defeat. Interstate Highway System as the 34th president of the US; McCarthyism; Mutually Assured Destruction; Massive Retaliation; Military-Industrial Complex speech |
| George Patton, | Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history. |
| John DeWitt, | general in the US Army, believed Japanese and Japanese Americans were trying to sabotage the American War effort and Roosevelt agreed with DeWitt's recommendation and ordered the Executive Order 9066 to intern them. |
| Earl Warren, | Chief Justice, used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and accused. Brown v. Board of Education declaring racial segregation in schools unconstitutional; "Miranda Laws" about rights of the accused; Warren Commission |
| Robert Oppenheimer, | United States physicist who directed the project at Los Alamos (Manhattan Project) that developed the first atomic bomb (1904-1967). Accused of being a security risk during the Red Scare and accused of being a communist. |
| Harry Truman | Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb. He created the Fair Deal program which included healthcare, increase in minimum wage, and other things. |
| D-Day: (6/6/1944) Normandy, | Canadian Troops were part of the Allied forces which attacked the Normandy coast of France in Operation Overlord. |
| D-Day: (6/6/1944) Omaha Beach, | One of 5 beaches invaded during WWII D-Day. Biggest struggle because of deep water, little to no cover, and bluffs with Germans and machine guns |
| D-Day: (6/6/1944) Operation Overlord | the code name for the Allied invasion of Europe at Normandy |
| Bracero Program | A deal between the US and Mexico to send Mexican laborers to the US to work on farms during WWII, due to worker shortage |
| London Economic Conference | |
| The US recognizes the USSR | finally recognizes it as a nation due to the great depression. Did so hoping to make new trade deals, USSR was like "man youre a dickhead :(" |
| USSR-German non-aggression pact | 23-24 August 1939, The countries agreed that they would not attack each other and secretly divided the countries that lay between them. Germany claimed Western Poland and part of Lithuania. |
| The Office of Price Administration (OPA) | an agency established by Congress to control inflation during World War II |
| The War Production Board | During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers |
| America First Committee | Prominent Isolationist group who believed it was best to stay out of foreign conflicts, against WWI & II |
| Manhattan Project, | Secret project to build an atomic bomb in the US. First successful test was on July 16, 1945. |
| Trinity, Los Alamos | the place where the Manhattan project was being held |
| The War Labor Board (WLB) | settled disputes between business and labor without strikes so that production would not be interrupted and morale would be high |
| The Smith-Connolly Act (1943) | Prohibits labor unions from contributing to campaigns, was quickly circumvented by the creation of Political Action Committees, which raise money for candidates &/or parties |
| The Port Chicago Incident | a deadly munitions explosion on July 17, 1944, at the Port Chicago, Caused by employees being rushed in work. Caused many workers to leave in fear of their lives |
| The ‘Double V’ Campaign | Popularized by U black leaders during WW2 emphasizing a need for a double victory over Germany and Japan, but also over racial prejudices in the country. |
| The Tuskegee Airmen | An entirely black airforce unit made during WWII |
| Executive Order 9066 | 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship; demonstrated fear of Japanese invasion |
| Munson Report | |
| The Zoot Suit Riots | |
| ‘Rosie the Riveter’ | The commonly seen, "We women can do it!" girl made to get women to join the workforce and manufacture weapons, ammunitions, supplies, etc. |
| The 442nd & 100th Regiment | |
| Korematsu v. US (1944)/Hirabayashi v. US (1943) | 1. Supreme Court ruled that internment camps were legal because they were based on 'military necessity. 2. application of curfews against minority group were constitutional when the nation was at war with the country from which that group originated. |
| Casablanca Conference | 1943 - FDR and Chruchill met in Morocco to settle strategy of Allies following North African campaign success. decided to attack Italy through Sicily before invasion into France. Germany must have unconditional surrender too |
| Teheran Conference | November 1943: FDR met with Stalin and Churchill and set the date for the invasion of France for May or June 1944, to coincide with the Russian offensive from the east. Stalin promised to eventually join the war against Japan. |
| Bretton Woods Conference | 1944, (FDR) , name for UN Monetary and Financial Conference in New Hampshire, 44 nations met to create a world bank to stabilize international currency, increase investment in under-developed areas, and speed the economic recovery of Europe. |
| George Kennan/Mr. X, Marshall Plan, | Spent $12 billion for the rebuilding of western Europe after WW2. Produced an economic revival and helped fight off communist influence. Mr. X helped design this plan. |
| The ‘Iron Curtain,’ | Coined by Churchill to describe the Soviets drawing a line between the communist countries of eastern Europe and the free countries of western Europe. |
| National Security Act of 1947, | response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council. |
| NSC-68 Report (April 14, 1950) | 58-page classified document that says that the US needs to invest heavily in military spending, and needs nuclear weapons ready to go |
| Berlin Blockades/Airlifts (1947/48), | 1. a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. 2. reaction to first, America flew supplies to West Berlin after the Soviet Union and East Germany blocked roads leading to the city. |
| Point Four Program, | Wilson's plan for the postwar world which he brought to the Paris Peace Conference. It proposed open peace treaties, freedom of the seas, arms reductions, and a League of Nations. |
| Organization of American States (OAS) | Founded in 1948 by 21 nations at the Ninth Pan-American Conference, now consists of 32 nations of Central and South America and the U.S. Settled disputes between its members and discouraged foreign intervention in American disputes. |
| NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)/Warsaw Pact, | 1. military alliance between the US and Western European countries formed in April 1949. 2. Military pact formed in 1955 between the Soviet Union and its satellite countries. |
| Mann Doctrine | (1964) U.S. policy outlined by Thomas Mann during the Johnson administration that called for stability in Latin America rather than economic and political reform. |
| , 38th Parallel, | The line where North and South Korea were split, US in South and USSR in North |
| ‘Police Action,’ | phrase used to describe the U.S. intervention in Korea in 1950; the United States never officially declared war, military action w/o war declaration |
| DMZ, | 2.5 mile stretch between NK and SK where both countries agreed to place no soldiers or weapons |
| “Old soldiers never die…”, | Douglas MacArthur's famous words after he was fired by Truman, "...They just fade away." |
| Truman vs. MacArthur, | MacArthur steps out of line and insists on bombing China, Truman gets tired of listening to him and also the potential threat that could risk and fires him |
| An invasion of China? | Heavily encouraged by MacArthur, but Truman refused cause holy shit that'll be a whole big thing |
| Dean Acheson, | 2nd term (for Truman) Secretary of State. Had a "defense perimeter speech" for the Korean War |
| Truman Doctrine, | 1947, Stated that the US would support any democratic nation that was resisting communism. |
| Massive Retaliation | Theory by John Foster Dulles who believed instead of simply containing communism, America should force communism to retreat whenever possible. |
| John Foster Dulles, | Secretary of State of Eisenhower, viewed struggle against Communism as good vs. evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine, strongly against communism. Associated w/ Mutually-Assured Destruction and Massive Retaliation. |
| Domino Theory | US idea that if one country falls to communism, all surrounding countries will fall, and so on until the world is communist |
| Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD), | Russia and US finally took a good look at their atom bombs and were like, "oh shit we could ACTUALLY end the world" basically, if one side attacks the other, the other will retaliate and everything will die |
| Brinksmanship, Flexible Response, | 1. John Foster Dulles - not backing down in a crisis, even if it meant taking the country to the brink of war. 2. JFK's plan, buildup of conventional troops and weapons to allow nation to fight war w/o nuclear weapons |
| Détente, | A relaxing of tensions, Nixon supported this during the Cold War after the Cuban Missile Crisis a while back, wanted to achieve this by having meetings and conferences with Russia. |
| The Eisenhower Doctrine, | basically said that American arms would be used in a region to prevent communist aggression. |
| ‘Ping-Pong’ Diplomacy, | Surprisingly not racism, an actual diplomacy tactic where China and the US sent ping pong players to battle each other in a show of good will |
| SALT Agreements (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) | Nixon and Brezhnev in Moscow in May, 1972. Limited Anti-Ballistic Missiles to two major departments and 200 missiles. |
| The Carter Doctrine, | 1980 - Warning that any attempt by outside forces to gain control of the Persian Gulf would be met with military force from the US; created because Soviets were in Afghanistan and too close to Persian Gulf oil |
| Reagan’s SDI/’Star Wars’ | A shockingly stupid plan to have lasers shoot Russian satellites out of space. Scientists said wtf, but it actually kinda worked in intimidation cause USSR was like "...why do you need that. What do you have planned." |
| Pre-Emptive Strike, | "oh they're gonna attack us for sure, lets bomb em before that happens" |
| Richard Nixon, | ended American fighting in Vietnam, improved relations w/ China and the USSR. Involved in the Watergate, resigned. Kent State Massacre happened during his presidency (student protesters against Vietnam shot). Detente; releasing tensions btwn US and USSR. |
| HUAC (House of UnAmerican Activities Committee) | US created this due to the Red Scare, charged with identifying Communist threats to the United States. Nixon was a pretty big deal in it before his presidency |
| McCarthyism/Red Scare, | The latter was the fear that anyone and everyone could be a commie spy, the former was so obsessed with it he accused the entire State Department and got labeled a loony |
| Hollywood 10, | The (originally this number) Hollywood Actors accused of being communists, who's response was "okay, even if I am why is that so bad." Some were promptly imprisoned. |
| Alger Hiss/Whittaker Chambers/The ‘Pumpkin Patch Papers’, | documents stolen from US government by members of Ware Group in DC (1937-1938) withheld by courier Chambers from Soviets as protection when he defected. featured frequently in criminal proceedings against Alger Hiss (1948-50) |
| Julius & Ethel Rosenberg | A regular couple accused of and executed for being communist spies, really heightened the Red Scare's effects. |
| Fidel Castro’s revolution, | Cuban revolutionary leader who overthrew the corrupt regime of the dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and soon after established a Communist state. still a dictator, part of Cuban missile crisis. |
| the Bay of Pigs Fiasco, | failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) | USSR placed nuclear arms in Cuba the US was threatened. This initiated a stalemate between the Soviet Union and the US because each had the power to destroy each other. eventually resolved when each side removed respective missiles (US's in turkey) |
| Sputnik, | First artificial satellite launched in 1957 by the Soviet Union. Shocked the American scientific community. |
| NASA, | |
| Mercury Missions | The first human space flight program of the United States, its goal was to put a man into Earth orbit and return him safely, ideally before the Soviet Union |
| Gemini Missions | The objective was to develop space travel techniques to support Apollo's mission to land astronauts on the moon |
| Apollo (1, 11, 13), | 1. Fire erupted in the Command Module during test run 2. 1st successful moon mission by the US in 1969 3. 1970, aborts mission after explosion of oxygen tanks. Astronauts return |
| Neil Armstrong & Buzz Aldrin, | two men on the Apollo 11, who first walked on the moon. |
| Space Shuttle, | |
| Challenger & Columbia Disasters | 1986 and 2003, Two results of the space race where the entire crews died, result of rushed progress or poor planning. |
| Bolshevik Revolution | 1917 uprising in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin which established a communist government and withdrew Russia from World War I. |
| Acheson-Lilienthal Plan | written ;argely by Robert Oppenheimer, called for creation of the Atomic Development Authority to oversee mining/use of fissile materials, oversee nuclear facility weaponry, dispense licences for peaceful nuclear development |
| Baruch Plan (Bernard Baruch) 1946 | -implement control of nuclear power -eliminate from national armaments atomic weapons and all other major weapons adaptable to mass destruction -establish effective safeguards |
| Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) | a civilian organization created in 1946 to oversee America's nuclear program, including atomic weapons |
| Soviet's A-bomb | (1949) |
| Bomb Shelters | |
| The Smith Act of | 1940 - response to growing fears of fascist and communist sedition, made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the US government by force or violence. eventually ruled unconstitutional due to 1st amendment. |
| China becomes Communist | Mao Zedong's Communists had more popular support than the Nationalists, and so were able to defeat them and take the country under Communist rule. They secured their rule by quickly giving peasants land and so gaining themselves support. |
| Berlin Crisis/Wall building (1961) | Soviets tried to remove the Allies from Berlin by cutting off access to the city. This included the tactic of building the Berlin Wall, to block the US ide from the Soviet side. |
| The Suez Crisis (1956) | In response to US refusal to supply him with arms, Egyptian leader Nasser nationalized the British-owned Suez Canal. Britain and France attacked, but America was able to convince them to retreat for fear of Soviet interference. |
| Walter-McCarren Act | Called by Truman "the most Un-American law he'd ever seen" it was passed despite his veto. It created a quota system in regards to immigration. |
| The Camp David Accords (1952) | Limited immigration from Asia and Eastern Europe in an effort to stop communism from entering the US. |
| The USS Pueblo (1968) | off the coast of N.K in international water, NK attacked ship, 1 man died, 3 men wounded, and 82 men were held for 11 months before released. It constituted the largest single loss of sensitive material. |
| Military-Industrial Complex | Eisenhower first coined this phrase. feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending. |
| Invasion of Grenada, 1983 | Reagan dispatched an invasion force to the island of Grenada, where a military coup had killed the prime minister and brought Marxists to power. Americans captured the island quickly |
| Cold War: The Kitchen Debate | 1957 - Debate between Nixon and Khrushchev about capitalism vs communism. Nixon was said to have won by the U.S., which helped him become president in 1968 |
| Yugoslavia & the Dayton Accords | Yugoslavia had civil war break out after it's communist regime fell in 1990. The latter was a Peace agreement ending the war over the former Yugoslavia, between Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Serbia in 1995 |
| End of the Cold War (Berlin, USSR) | Marked by the fall of the Soviet Union which was the result of Eastern European countries gaining independence, Gorbachev's reform policies, and a series of nuclear limitation treaties. |
| U-2 Downing | American U-2 spy plane shot down over the USSR. denied plane's purpose at first, but forced to when the U.S.S.R. produced living pilot and intact plane to validate their claim of being spied on aerially. The incident worsened East-West relations |
| Iran-Contra Affair (1986-1987) | Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran in hopes of freeing American hostages in Lebanon; money from the arms sales was used to aid the Contras (anti-Communist insurgents) in Nicaragua, even though Congress had prohibited this assistance |
| OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) (& the 70s oil embargo) | the middle-eastern organization of countries with influence over oil trade, |
| Terrorism in the 1980s & 1990s | |
| Operation Rolling Thunder | (1965) bombing campaign over North Vietnam, supposed to weaken enemy's ability and will to fight. didnt work cause the vietcong's bases were all underground |
| The Geneva Convention | (1954) A conference between many countries that agreed to end hostilities and restore peace in French Indochina and Vietnam. |
| Gulf of Tonkin Incident | Alleged attack of US ships by North Vietnamese torpedoes in the Tonkin Gulf on August 4, 1964. Prompted the escalation of the War in Vietnam. |
| Guerilla Warfare | Utilized by the Vietcong, basically attack and then run away continuously. helped by landscape, Vietcong tunnels, and tree-climbing |
| Tet Offensive (1968) | one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, forces of Viet Cong against the forces of South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies. It failed militarily, but had an enormous psychological impact on the US |
| Ho Chi Minh, Vietcong | (50s, 60s) ,Communist leader of North Vietnam, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine. the latter were the soldiers. |
| Vietnamization, ‘Peace With Honor’ | Ideas of Nixon to slowly bring peace to America by not surrendering, but by slowly switching out US soldiers with vietnamese ones. |
| Ho Chi Minh Trail | used guerilla warfare to fight anti-communist US and Northern forces |
| Robert McNamara | Secretary of Defense under JFK & LBJ; expanded American involvement in Vietnam. Known for Operation Rolling Thunder (Vietnam bombing raids). Eventually admitted that the US had made large mistakes in Vietnam. |
| Paris Agreement/Accords | 1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War. |
| The Draft/Selective Service | Many Americans believed that the draft targeted the poor since the wealthy could afford to go to college and put off serving in the military indefinitely |
| Vietnam Veterans Memorial (D.C.) | A huge wall of black granite in Washington, D.C., that is inscribed with the names of the more than 58,000 Americans who died in Vietnam |
| My Lai Massacre, | Military assault in a small Vietnamese village on March 16, 1968, in which American soldiers under the command of 2nd Lieutenant William Calley murdered hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese civilians. |
| Pentagon Papers | leaked by Daniel Ellsberg, published by the New York Times in 1971, showed the blunders and deceptions that led the United States that led to the Vietnam war. Revealed the government misleading the people of its involvement in Vietnam |
| Agent Orange/Napalm | substances used to cut through the Vietnamese jungle |
| Kent St. University Massacre | Ohio Campus where four students protesting US involvement in Cambodia were shot and killed by National Guardsmen. |
| War Powers Act | 1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat. |
| William Westmoreland | General who commanded American military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak from 1964 to 1968. In charge when things in the war started to go get bad (Tet Offensive). Youngest Major General at the time |
| Spock’s "The Commonsense Book of Baby & Child Care" | |
| Galbraith’s "The Affluent Society" | |
| Kerouac’s "On the Road" | |
| The ‘Beat Generation’ | Literary movement characterized by authors who rejected materialistic culture of the decade. Authors included Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William Burroughs. |
| Mapp v. Ohio (1961), | Established the exclusionary rule was applicable to the states (evidence seized illegally cannot be used in court) |
| Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), | A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government |
| Escobedo v. Illinois (1965), | Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police. |
| Miranda v. Arizona (1966); | Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. |
| Griswold v. Connecticut (1963) | Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution |
| Engel v. Vitale (1962), | Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren. |
| Abington v. Schempp (1963) | overturned law requiring Bible reading and prayer as a violation of the First Amendment |
| Lee Harvey Oswald, | Guy who killed JFK |
| Jack Ruby, | Guy who killed Lee Harvey Oswald |
| the Warren Commission, | Appointed to investigate Kennedy's assassination. They concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald had acted alone. |
| ‘Magic Bullet’ Theory, | |
| Texas Governor Connally | |
| Alice Paul & the Equal Rights Amendment | Head of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed ERA because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking. |
| the 3 waves of Feminism, | 1: mid-nineteenth century until American women won the right to vote in 1920 2: 1960s and 1970s, associated with the issues of women's equal access to employment and education 3: issues of diversity, globalization, and identity |
| Betty Friedan & The Feminine Mystique & NOW, | National Organization for Women, aim of gender equality, wrote "The Feminine Mystique" expressing dissatisfaction with domestic life |
| Gloria Steinem, The ‘Glass Ceiling,’ | An American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s. The latter is her novel about women's opression. |
| Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, | "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance." |
| Roe v. Wade, | Supreme Court Case that legalized abortion with some restrictions. |
| Sally Ride, | First American woman in space |
| Geraldine Ferraro | In 1984 she was the first woman to appear on a major-party presidential ticket. She was a congresswoman running for Vice President with Walter Modale. |
| Election of 1948, The Dixiecrats | Truman pulled out an unlikely victory due to intense stumping, despite what you may have read in the Chicago Tribune. The latter are southern Democrats who opposed Truman's position on civil rights. They caused a split in the Democratic party. |
| The Fair Deal | Truman's policy to continue FDR's progressive legislation. He had plans for national heath care, civil rights legislation, the repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act, and increased govt spending for public housing and education. |
| Levittowns | Developed by William Levitt, were the first neighborhoods that would eventually be called the suburbs. |
| Baby Boom | 1947-1962, many Americans were married and had record amounts of children. |
| The ’50s consumer Economy | |
| The Taft-Hartley Act | Passed in 1947 over Truman's veto. Stated if any strike affected US, president could call for 80-day period for negotiations and workers would work. |
| Dr. Jonas Salk & Polio | A virologist and medical researched known for developing the polio vaccine in 1952. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom |
| Nixon’s ‘Checkers’ Speech | |
| The Election of 1960 | |
| JFK & the ‘New Frontier’ | |
| LBJ’s ‘Great Society’ | goals = elimination of poverty - failed because of vietnam war and radical injustic; new major spending programs - education and vietnam war; easier transportation; medical care |
| Head Start, Medicare (both 1965) & Medicaid | 1. preschool education programs for low income families 2, provides hospitalization insurance for elderly, permits elderly to purchase inexpensive coverage 4. insurance program for low-income individuals & familys |
| Counterculture, Woodstock | Movement by young people in the 60s who rejected political involvement and emphasized the need for personal revolution. |
| Timothy Leary | |
| The Presidents on Civil Rights: Truman, | actively increased the role government had in enforcing civil rights. issued Executive Order 9981, ending segregation in the military and establishing equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services. |
| The Presidents on Civil Rights: Eisenhower, | preferred to avoid any and all controversial issues, including civil rights. |
| The Presidents on Civil Rights: JFK, | The first president to say one of his main goals was civil rights, had many plans regarding it. |
| The Presidents on Civil Rights: LBJ, | Also like Kennedy, pretty gung-ho about civil rights, though with a more careful approach. Fully endorsed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibited segregation in public accommodations and employment. |
| The Presidents on Civil Rights: Nixon | implemented actions opposing racial equality, such as slowing school desegregation and opposing busing, while also expanding affirmative action to improve opportunities for racial minorities |
| The Slaughterhouse Cases (1873), | Ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment safeguarded a person's rights only at a federal level, not at a state level. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), | Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal |
| The Scottsboro Boys Case (1932), | Nine black defendants accused of raping two white women on a train. There was no evidence, but they were found guilty and all but one were executed. |
| Brown v. Board of Education (1954), | 1954; Supreme Court decision stating separate but equal was unconstitutional and ordered the desegregation of schools across America. |
| Heart of Atlanta Motel v. US (1964), | |
| Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971), | |
| The Bakke Case (1978) | |
| The Little Rock Nine Incident: Central High School, | |
| The Little Rock Nine Incident: Orval Faubus, | just the MOST annoying motherfucker, used the Arkansas National Guard to stop black kids from entering the high school. His name sounds like a latin mouth disease. |
| The Little Rock Nine Incident: Eisenhower | actually decided to order the 101st Airborne Division into Little Rock to insure the safety of the "Little Rock Nine," which he justified as upholding the court. |
| The Little Rock Nine Incident: the 101st Airborne | the unit ordered to protect the nine black children at the high school. stayed there for about a year continuing to protect them. |
| Rosa Parks/The Montgomery Bus Boycotts/‘Taxi Service,’ | You know Rosa Parks, her arrest led to the boycott of all bus lines in Alabama and elsewhere, and the last term was created to help those boycotting still get around. |
| Governor George Wallace, | |
| Eugene ‘Bull’ Connor, | |
| The Birmingham March, | |
| the 16th Street Church, | |
| ‘Bloody Sunday’/The Selma to Washington March | 1. 1905; peaceful march by Russians turned deadly when Czar's guards fire on crowd, killing hundreds 2. march to protest segregation by MLK, John Lewis, SNCC, and SCLC activists |
| ‘Long Hot Summers’: (Precedents: Chicago [1919], Tulsa [1921], Detroit [1943]) | |
| Watts Riots (1965), | tarted in an African-American ghetto of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country. After white cop struck black bystander @ traffic arrest |
| Detroit Riots (1967), | began with raid of bar serving black veterans, resulted in fires, national guard brought to Detroit, five days of violent response to police brutality, underlying conditions including segregated housing and schools and rising black unemployment |
| The Kerner Commission | created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States |
| Stokely Carmichael, | black civil rights activist in 60's. Leader of SNCC. later gave up nonviolence and pursued black power. Became the Prime Minister of the Black Panther Party and was targeted by the FBI's COINTELPRO |
| the Black Panthers, | led by Fred Hampton, it was a unitive and militarized organization made to protect arrested black people, oftentimes leading to violence. Also did a lot of charity-type work, like free lunches and creating one of the Rainbow Coalitions. |
| H. Rap Brown, | |
| Huey Newton & Bobby Seale, | |
| 1968 Mexico Olympic Games | First Olympics hosted by a Latin American nation |
| 1968: MLK & RFK Assassinations, | 1. at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, shot by a single .30 bullet fired by James Earl Ray, a fugitive. 2. assassinated in the kitchen of the Ambassador Hotel in LA. The killer, Sirahn Sirahn, is still in jail. |
| 1968: The Democratic National Convention, | Chicago; Democratic delegates gathered to nominate Vice-president Hubert Humphrey. The hall was protected with barbed wire and police officers to keep the protesters away. |
| 1968: The Tet Offensive, | The North Vietnamese invaded South Vietnam on Tet (Lunar New Year). The U.S. pushed them out and "won" but the citizens saw the event as we weren't winning the Vietnamese War. |
| The Election of 1968 | The election in which Nixon won; conservative republican victory; demonstrated that the majority of the American electorate turned their back on liberal reform and activist governments |
| Myrdal’s "An American Dilemma", | exposed the contradiction between American creeds and the treatment of blacks |
| "To Secure These Rights", | |
| Harrington’s "The Other America" | |
| W.E.B. Dubois | 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910. Believed in the talented 10th, helped create the Niagra Movement, against Booker T. Washington |
| Booker T. Washington | Black progressive who supported segregation and demanded African American better themselves individually to achieve equality. Wrote "Up From Slavery," advocated Atlanta Compromise |
| Marcus Garvey | |
| A. Philip Randolph | leading black labor leader, called for march on Washington to protest factories' refusals to hire Blacks. led to Fair Employment Practices Commission. president of the Brothers of the Sleeping Car Porters. member of CORE (Congress of Racial Equality). |
| Marian Anderson | |
| Dr. Charles Drew | |
| Jackie Robinson | first African American player in the major league of baseball (MLB). Played for the Brooklyn Dodgers. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans. Also an advocate during games. |
| Thurgood Marshall | American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Known for Brown vs Board of Education saying that separate but equal facilities are unconstitutional. |
| Emmitt Till | African American boy who was abducted, tortured, and lynched in Mississippi in 1955 at the age of 14, after being accused of offending a white woman. Became the "face" of the Civil Rights' Movement |
| Linda Brown & Ruby Bridges | |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | U.S. Baptist minister/civil rights leader. organized nonviolent resistance. assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964). played crucial roles in Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington in 1963 w/ his "I Have a Dream" speech. |
| Fannie Lou Hamer | spokesperson for Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party at 1964 Democratic Convention. Showed democrats becoming more civil-rights oriented. Spoke about brutal treatment while attempting to vote in the south, led to Voting Rights Act of 1965. |
| James Meredith | civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi caused by whites who did not want Meredith to register. result forced government action, showing segregation was no longer gov policy. |
| Medgar Evers Schwerner, | |
| Cheney & Goodman | |
| Robert Weaver/Patricia Harris | |
| Jesse Jackson | black candidate for Democratic nomination of 1988 election who appeal to minorities (rainbow coalition), but lost to Michael Dukakis. Also key in the Civil Rights movement. worked with MLK and founded Operation People United to Save Humanity |
| Charles Stuart/Susan Smith | |
| Rodney King | |
| Cesar Chavez (& the boycotts) | 1927-1993. Farm labor leader and civil-rights activist. helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers. |
| Reconstruction, Black Codes & Jim Crow | |
| Lynching & Sundown Towns | 1. putting a person to death by mob action without due process of law, usually black people 2. communities where non-whites were systematically excluded from living, usually for black safety or social/cultural connection |
| Executive Order 9981 | equality of treatment and opportunity in the Armed Services for people of all race, religions, or national origins |
| March on Washington Movement | 1941- black people planned to march for equal job opportunities during the war. FDR expected riots so promised them equal opportunity if they didn't march |
| SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee) | group formed by student activists; used the sit-in as an effective method of protest |
| Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) | (CORE) Civil rights organization started in 1944 and best known for its "freedom rides," bus journeys challenging racial segregation in the South in 1961. |
| The Reincarnation of the KKK | |
| Massive Resistance | declared by U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd, Sr. on February 24, 1956 to unite other white politicians and leaders in Virginia in a campaign of new state laws and policies to prevent public school desegregation after Brown v. Board of Education |
| Southern Manifesto | document written by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party. |
| Civil Rights Acts of 1957 & 1960 | 1. Outlawed racial discrimination in public facilities and unemployement 2. commission on civil rights to attempt to guarantee the ballot to african americans |
| Sit-Ins (Greensboro, etc.) | |
| The Albany Campaign (Georgia) | 1961. SNCC, NAACP, & SCLC involved. campaign for civil rights, failed b/c of gov't opposition, wanted complete desegregation. limited success, didn't actually change the gov't at all |
| The Freedom Rides | |
| Council of Federated Organizations (COFO) | organization composed of representatives from various civil rights groups, such as the NAACP, SCLC, SNCC, and CORE, that conducted Freedom Schools and voter registration drives in Mississippi in the 1960s |
| ‘By Any Means Necessary’ | A term closely related to black power, referring to Black Civil Rights. Popularized by Malcolm X. |
| Freedom Summer | In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote. |
| Civil Rights Bill of 1964, Title VII | Civil rights legislation that outlawed racial discrimination in public facilities, employment, and in voter registration. VII protects employees and job applicants from employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex and national origin. |
| MFDP (Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party) | 1964, rival to the Mississippi Democratic Party who would not allow Blacks to participate. Challenged the regular Mississippi Democratic Party for seats at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Fannie Lou Hamer was spokesperson and famous member. |
| MLK’s ‘I Have Dream’ Speech | |
| 24th Amendment | (1964) eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections. |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage |
| The ‘Mountaintop’ Speech | The last speech MLK did before he died |
| Affirmative Action | set of procedures designed to; eliminate unlawful discrimination among applicants, remedy the results of such prior discrimination, and prevent such discrimination in the future. |
| Watergate: Richard Nixon, | He tried to prevent the FBI from investigating the break-in at the Watergate complex & was involved in the cover-up of the break-in |
| Watergate: The ‘Plumbers,’ | A secret group created by Nixon that worked to stop government leaks to the press. |
| Watergate: ‘CREEP,’ | Committee of Re-Election of the President, formed after Watergate to do whatever it took to get Nixon reelected. |
| Watergate: ‘Deep Throat’, | anonymous source, later revealed to be associate director of the FBI Mark Felt, who supplied reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein with information about White House involvement in the Watergate break-in |
| Watergate: The DNC HQ, | Democratic National Committee Headquarters/office where Nixon's "burglars" broke into in Washington, D.C. |
| Watergate: The ‘Enemies List,’ | informal name of what started as a list of President of the United States Richard Nixon's major political opponents. I think it included many of the democrats within the DNC, which explains why watergate happened at all. |
| Watergate: The ‘Nixon Tapes’ & Nixon v. US (1974), | The tapes had some Definitely Incriminating Stuff on there about him that Nixon refused to share at first |
| Watergate: The ‘Saturday Night Massacre’ | dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox, and the resignations of Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus during the Watergate scandal 1973 |
| Watergate: VP Spiro Agnew, | 39th vice president of the United States, serving from 1969 until his resignation in 1973, after accusations of extortion, bribery, and income-tax violations relating chiefly to his tenure as governor of Maryland. |
| Watergate: The 25th Amendment & Gerald Ford, | provides the procedures for replacing the president or vice president in the event of death, removal, resignation, or incapacitation. Because of this, Ford took VP Agnew's place after resignation, and became president after Nixon's resignation. |
| Watergate: The Pardon | Gerald Ford pardoned Nixon of all Watergate-related crimes once he became president |
| Rachel Carson’s "Silent Spring," | A book which promoted environmentalism |
| EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) | Federal agency created in 1970 to oversee environmental monitoring and cleanup programs |
| Earth Day, | spring 1970, Senator Gaylord Nelson created Earth Day as a way to force this issue onto the national agenda. |
| The Love Canal incident, | piece of property in New York where a chemical company dumped massive amounts of waste and then sold to the city who build a housing development and whose inhabitants had birth defects in their children, so they had to clean it up |
| Three Mile Island Nuclear Disaster, | Unit 2 reactor, near Middletown, Pa., partially melted down on March 28, 1979. This was the most serious accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant operating history, though had no detectable health effects on plant workers or the public. |
| The Exxon Valdez | March 24, 1989 the oil tanker ran in Prince William Sound, Alaska, spilling 11 million gallons of oil. The ecologically sensitive location, season, and large scale of this spill resulted in one of the largest environmental disasters in U.S. history. |
| Ralph Nader’s "Unsafe at Any Speed", | |
| Tom Wolfe’s "The Bonfire of the Vanities" | |
| Chappaquiddick Incident | 1969 automobile accident that happened on an island in which a young woman assistant was drowned when Ted Kennedy's car plunged off a bridge. |
| The ‘Silent Majority’ | Primarily conservative term - Those who weren’t joining mass movements (i.e. nam, counterculture, etc.) Largely white, Blue Collar workers |
| ‘New Federalism’ (Ford, Reagan) \ | Nixon + Reagan - More federal programs to states (smaller gov’t.), especially welfare-related stuff. |
| The ‘Miracle on Ice’ & Moscow Olympics Boycott | US led it in Moscow to protest the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. 65 nations refused to participate in the games. The former was just the US pride of winning a hockey game before, against Russia, that fueled confidence during the Cold War. |
| The ‘Teflon Presidency’ | Referring to Reagan, called that cause he was The Great Communicator, and particularly eloquent against criticism. “Always seemed to bounce back” |
| Whip Inflation Now (WIN) | Ford's inflation plan to curb inflation and dramatic price increases by putting pressure on businesses to lower prices and deter consumers from hording goods |
| Carter’s ‘Stagflation’ | high unemployment, high inflation resulting from a decrease in aggregate supply; crop failures, oil shocks, war costs; failing demand management policies, occurred during Carter's presidency. |
| The ‘Malaise Speech’ | (1979) response to energy crisis, notable for Carter's bleak assessment of the national condition and his claim that there was a "crisis of confidence." fueled charges that the president was trying to blame his own problems on the American people. |
| The Stock Market & ‘Yuppies’ | young, urban professionals who wore ostentatious gear such Rolex watches or BMW cars. They came to symbolize the increased pursuit of wealth and materialism of Americans in the 1980s with the stock market. |
| The Air Traffic Controller’s Strike | Members of the Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO), one of the few unions that endorsed Reagan during the election of 1980, were picketing for better pay and working conditions when about 13,000 of them walked off the job. |
| Reagan’s Assassination attempt | - shortly into presidency - assassin: John Hinckley - motive: obsession w actress Jodie Foster - reagan became "the great communicator" |
| Bush’s “Read my lips…’ campaign | George H. Bush insisted that he would not raise taxes and he was tired of repeating it so he told the press to read his lips. Later he raised taxes |
| The ’87 ‘Black Monday’ crash | October 19, 1987. Date of the largest single-day decline in the Dow Jones Industrial Average until September 2001. The downturn indicated instability in the booming business culture of the 1980s but did not lead to a serious economic recession. |
| The AIDS boom | United States, 1981-early 1990s. Particularly common among gay men due to the... differences between heterosexuals. More likely to bleed during... stuff. led to a lot of discriminations :( |
| NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) | An agreement for free trade between the United States and Canada and Mexico |
| 9-11 | Terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and Pentagon; led to a focus on eliminating terrorism. |
| The Persian Gulf War | (1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. One sided, US wins. |
| Clarence Thomas | African American jurist, strict critic of affirmative action. nominated by George H. W. Bush in 1991, and shortly after was accused of sexual harassment by Anita Hill. second African American to hold a seat in the Supreme Court. |
| The ‘Contract with America’ | 1994 congressional elections, Congressman Newt Gingrich had Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment, term limits for members of Congress, and a middle-class tax cut. |
| The ‘Dot-com’ boom & bust | a speculative bubble from 1995-2000 in which the stock market grew super fast in the area of new information technologies on the world wide web, before crashing in 2000. |
| The Oklahoma City Bombing | Bombing of Murrah Federal Building. The blast, set off by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols, killed 168 people, including 19 children in the building's day-care center. McVeigh received execution by lethal injection. |
| The ‘Great Recession’ | severe ongoing global economic problem that began in December 2007 and took a particularly sharp downward turn in September 2008; has affected the global economy; sparked by the outbreak of the late-2000s financial crisis |
| Tea Party Movement | created after Barack Obama's election, a political movement that advocates lower government spending, lower taxes, and limited government |
| The Patriot Act & Wiretapping | A controversial law overwhelmingly passed by Congress in October 2001, after 9/11. expanded the power of federal law enforcement authorities to move against suspected terrorists. One tactic includes wiretapping |
| Obamacare (Affordable Care Act) | March 2010; created by Obama and aims at reforming the healthcare system mandates health insurance for all, while expanding subsidies for low-income families, and taxing healthcare providers and higher-income earners. |
| ‘Arab Spring’ | A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011) |
| Malcolm X | converted to Nation of Islam in jail, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on separationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality |
| The 2000 Election Controversy | Due to lack of technology, the state of Florida had to keep recounting its votes. In the end a very pro Bush supreme court decided that he had won the election. |
| GI Bill of Rights | Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education |
| Arguments for dropping the bomb (& the opposition) | pro: -stop the war -could be less casualties on both sides than continuing con: - we're not even gonna test it first - no warning message or abandoned island bombing - we're killing people harry |
| Black Thursday & Tuesday | Oct. 24th and 29th in 1929. The Stock Market crashed losing over 30 billion in wealth. |
| Panic of 1907 | proved the govt. still had little control over the industrial economy. Conservatives blamed Roosevelt's mad economic policies for the disaster, |
| Presidential Committee on Civil Rights | proposed measures to strengthen civil rights in the United States. Conducted inquires; examined existing laws, regulations and statutes; and made recommendations for policy improvements to carry out the mandate of Executive Order 9808. |
| Fall of Saigon (1975) | Capture of South Vietnamese capital that marked the end of the Vietnam War (April 30, 1975) |
| The Weathermen | (1971) broke off from the Students for Democratic Society, thought violence and bombing was the only way to get things done. They bombed several buildings over the years, but they actually hurt the cause of the New Left and the SDS with their violence. |
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