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USHAP
from the beginning of history dude
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| subcontinent joining Asia and North America; ice-free, treeless grassland | Beringia |
| travel in groups of 30-50 family members | Clovis Tradition |
| return to same hunting camps year after year | Clovis Tradition |
| tents in semicircle pattern with doors facing south to avoid prevailing winds | Clovis Tradition |
| powerful, sophisticated technology, e.g. spear point | Clovis Tradition |
| decline of large-mammal populations; caused by the combined effects of warmer climate and increased hunting | "Pleistocene Overkill" |
| handle added to sears to increase force, distance, and accuracy | Atlatle |
| hunt small game; gather seeds, nuts, and roots | "forest efficiency" |
| burn woodlands and prairies to stimulate growth of berries, fruits, and edible roots | "forest efficiency" |
| new meadows and forest edge attract game | "forest efficiency" |
| maize, potatoes, wheat, rice | "miracle crops" |
| fueled expansion of European human and livestock populations in the three centuries after 1650 | "miracle crops" |
| development of farming | "Neolithic Revolution" |
| young men and women sought personal protective spirits by going alone into the wilderness | vision quest |
| person who developed a special sensitivity to spiritual forces; "medicine" man or woman of the community | shaman |
| natural and supernatural forces are thought to be inseparable; people are thought to share basic kinship with animals, plants, inanimate objects, and natural forces | pantheism |
| belief in numerous gods and/or spirits | polytheism |
| Who were the first to use irrigation in America north of Mexico? | Hohokam |
| Evidence of things such as platform mounds and large ball courts imply they shared traits with what other Native Americans? | Mesoamericans |
| Why is it believed that Snaketown was a community of merchants? | the number and variety of goods from central Mexico were uncovered at the site |
| When and where was the Hohokam culture? | 300 to 500 A.D. in the Southwest |
| When and where were the Anasazis? | 100-200 A.D. at the Four Corners |
| Why is it believed that Pueblo Bonito was the most prominent Anasazi center? | old, large, roads leading to it, communication system, terraces and dams |
| What hunting innovation appeared for the first time in the Anasazis' region ca. 500 A.D.? | bow & arrow |
| How will the Anasazi increase their agricultural production to account for their growing population? | complex irrigation canals, dams, and terraced fields |
| What two factors do many believe caused the fall of the Anasazi? | drought; attacks from other tribes |
| When did the Woodlands people exist? | 1000 B.C. |
| gathering & hunting combined with farming; leave permanent sites seasonally | Woodlands people |
| When and where did the Hopewell people exist? | 200 B.C. in MS and OH River Valleys |
| the dead were honored through ceremony, display, and the construction of enormous and elaborate burial mounds | mortuary cults |
| What evidence do we have of the Hopewells' elaborate trade network? | artisans created sophisticated goods with materials from all over the continent |
| When and where did the Mississippian Society exist? | 1000-1200 A.D. along the floodplain of the Mississippi River |
| What three innovations are considered the basis of the rise of a powerful MS culture? | bow & arrow, maize farming, flint hoes |
| What large village has been considered the urban heart of Mississippian America, and why? | Cahokia--dense urban center with monumental temple; residential neighborhoods; surrounding farmlands |
| What is the significance of the Great Serpent Mound? | suggests the high degree of social organization and sophisticated division of labor |
| What geographical features helped the Mississippians to have a series of linked city-states and an elaborate trading system? | vast water transportation system of the MS River and its many tributaries |
| How did population growth affect relations among the city-states of the Mississippian Society? | violent competition for limited space |
| What factors contributed to the evolution of political hierarchies and a leadership class? | growing populations; need for more orderly ways of allocating territories; tasks like preventing local conflict, storing large food surpluses, and redistributing foodstuffs from farmers to artisans and elites |
| What actions and aspects of the Mississippian and Anasazi cultures characterized their complex societies? | adaptation to technology; development of impressive artistic traditions; engineering; urbanism; social stratification; craft specialization; regional trade |
| Why was organized violence more common among farming societies rather than hunting societies? | hunters travel in small bands, so they aren't much of a threat; farmers fight over pieces of land for cultivation |
| What was found in the remains of Cahokia that suggests there might have been a great deal of violent conflict with nearby communities? | remnants of a defensive structure surrounding central sections; heavy log stockade |
| How many native societies are believed to have been living in North America when the Europeans arrived? | more than 350 |
| What is believed to have been the total population of the Western Hemisphere when the Europeans first arrived? | 60-70 million |
| What aspect of their climate dictated much of the life of the Southwestern tribes? | arid desert climate |
| What reason did the Pimas give for why their settlements were so far apart? | less likely that they will fight; separate gene pool |
| How did the climate affect the religious ceremonies of the Southwestern tribes? | rainmaking, a ritual thought to bring rain |
| lineage through mothers, not fathers | matrilineal clan |
| What two innovations is farming allowed the Pueblos to produce rich harvests despite their climate and sandy soil? | dry-farming; drought-resistant plants |
| What factors made the climate of the South ideal for farming? | mild, moist climate: short, mild winters, long summers; longer growing seasons |
| Why has the history and culture of most of the Southern tribes so poorly documented? | populations were quickly decimated because they were the first with whom the Europeans came into contact |
| By what name was the ruler of the Natchez known? | the Great Son |
| Describe the class division among the Natchez. | ruling family > tribal council > warriors > stinkards |
| What were the five most prominent confederacies of the Southern tribes? | Seminoles, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Cherokee |
| In what present-day states did the Iroquois culture develop? | Ontario & upstate New York |
| Describe the longhouse of the Iroquois. | 400 ft. long; extended families |
| What five chiefdoms make up the Iroquois? | Mohawk, Oneida, Seneca, Onondaga, Cayuga |
| law giver; founder of the Iroquois Confederacy | Chief Deganawida |
| prophet of Chief Deganawida; convinced people to do what Deganawida wanted | Hiawatha |
| In what ways were the Algonquians different from the Iroquois? | patrilineal; patriarchal; smaller villages; hunters & foragers |
| What present-day states or regions were once occupied by the Algonquians? | MA, VA, OH valley |
| Who were the first tribes to involve themselves in fur trade with Europeans? | Algonquians |
| broad term for two sets of conflict: one between Austria with its allies France, Saxony, Sweden, & Russia; and Prussia with its allies Hanover & Britain; the second known as the French-Indian War | Seven Years' War |
| arose out of Austria's attempt to win back the rich province of Silesia, taken by Prussia in the War of the Austrian Succession | Seven Years' War |
| a military force composed of ordinary citizens to provide defense, emergency law enforcement, or paramilitary service | militia |
| Parliament said that although the colonies don't have a representative in Parliament, it's still looking out for their needs | virtual representation |
| radical patriot group; intimidated tax collectors, encouraged colonists to boycott English goods, etc. | Sons of Liberty |
| women who helped the patriot cause however they could; "liberty teas", "homespun" cloths, etc. | Daughters of Liberty |
| refusal to even receive English goods in the Colonies | nonimportation agreements |
| communications system for the colonies; let each other know what's going on and kept an eye on the British | committees of correspondence |
| an early English joint-stock company that was formed initially for pursuing trade with the East Indies, but that ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent and China | East India Company |
| known by Colonials as Intolerable Acts | Coercive Acts |
| series of five laws passed by Parliament in an attempt to reverse the rebellious behavior of the colonies | Coercive Acts |
| Coercive Acts | Boston Port Act; MA Gov't Act; Administration of Justice Act; New Quartering Act; Quebec Act |
| responsible for watching the colonists and making sure they're doing what they should be doing against England | Committees of Observation and Safety |
| highly mobile, rapidly deployed force that allowed the colonies to respond immediately to war threats | minutemen |
| increase tax amounts and increase number of taxes | customs duties |
| proper court procedures | due process |
| search warrants that can be used multiple times | writs of assistance |
| British soldier who fought against the colonists during the American Revolution | "lobster back" |
| whigs | patriots |
| tories | loyalists |
| support cause for independence | patriots |
| remained loyal to the king | loyalists |
| took 35 Vikings along Labrador coast to Newfoundland; outnumbered by hostile natives, they left | Leif Ericsson |
| 100 A.D.--revealed that the world is round; first to use lines of latitude and longitude | Claudius Ptolemy |
| married to unite the two parts of Spain--Aragon and Castille | Ferdinand & Isabella |
| funded Columbus' trip to the New World | Ferdinand & Isabella |
| island in the Bahamas where Columbus initially landed | San Salvador Island |
| Spain got the Western Hemisphere; Portugal got the Eastern Hemisphere | line of demarcation |
| explored and claimed Florida for Spain while looking for the Fountain of Youth | Juan Ponce de Leon |
| discovered the Isthmus of Panama and the Pacific Ocean | Vasco de Balboa |
| discovered Strait of Magellan at the tip of South America; first to circumnavigate | Ferdinand Magellan |
| defeated the Aztec Empire | Hernan Cortes |
| leader of Aztecs; initially thought Cortes was Quetzalcoatl | Montezuma |
| conquered the Incan Empire and founded Lima, Peru | Francisco Pizarro |
| discovered the MS River and killed many Indian towns on the way | Hernando de Soto |
| explored the Southwest looking for gold, but found none | Francisco Vasquez de Coronado |
| plantation for Indians to work on under colonial lords; sugar-coated slavery | encomienda |
| Catholic priest who accused Spanish explorers of genocide; resulted in the illegality of enslaving Indians, which resulted in the enslavement of Africans | Bartolome de las Casas |
| vast absence of Spanish women in America; men started reproducing with Indian or black women | "frontier of inclusion" |
| governing body over the Spanish in the Americas | Council of the Indies |
| a northwestern route around the Americas that was never found | Northwest Passage |
| Catholic priest Martin Luther nailed his 35 Theses to the door of his church; they pointed out the corruption of the Catholic church; a new religion was born, Protestantism | the Reformation |
| explored St. Lawrence River; colonized Quebec and founded Quebec City | Samuel de Champlain |
| explored/mapped MS Valley | Marquette & Joliet |
| La Salle explored whole MS River; claimed it and the land from Appalachia to the Rockies; called it ______ | Louisiana |
| land with its own government, but is still under control of a mother country | colony |
| grant of authority; permission by a ruler to establish a colony | charter |
| raise capital by selling shares; investors pool funds to raise money | joint-stock company |
| group of London investors who funded emigration to the New World; first successful colony was Jamestown | Virginia Company |
| first permanent English settlement in North America; funded by Virginia Co. | Jamestown |
| Algonquian leader who confronted the Europeans at Chesapeake | Powhatan |
| Jamestown's military leader | John Smith |
| said that if you don't work to build up Jamestown, you don't get to eat | John Smith |
| developed a hybrid of North American and West Indian varieties of tobacco for profit | John Rolfe |
| first representative assembly in North America | House of Burgesses |
| a colony owned by an individual | proprietary colony |
| in exchange for the cost of their transportation to the New World, people contracted to labor for a master for a fixed term | indentured servants |
| followers of John Calvin | Puritans |
| wished to purify and reform the English church from within | Puritans |
| politically led the Puritans | John Winthrop |
| people who believed the Anglican establishment so corrupt that they must establish their own church | separatists |
| English separatists who sailed on the Mayflower to Plymouth, MA | Pilgrims |
| allied with Wampanoags against enemy tribe Narragansets in exchange for food and advice | Pilgrims |
| first document of self-gov't in North America | Mayflower Compact |
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