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Unit 7 Vocab
AP Human Geography Unit 7 Vocab Ch 18-20
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| agglomeration | the tendancy of enterprises in the same industry to cluster in the same area |
| break-of-bulk point | location where it is more economical to break raw materials into smaller units beofre shipping them further |
| bulk-gaining industry | industry in which the finished goods cost more to transport than the raw materials |
| bulk-reducing industry | industry in which the finished foods cost more to transport than the raw materials |
| commodity dependence | an aspect of dependence theory that occurs when more than 60% of a country's exports and economic helath are tied to one or two resources |
| comparative advantage | the relative cost advantage a country or organization has to produce certain goods or services for trade |
| complementarity | the mutual trade relationship that exists between two places based on the supply of raw materials and the demand for finished products or services |
| cottage industry | preindustrial form of manufacture in which members of families spread out through rural areas worked in their homes to make goods |
| deindustrialization | process by which a country or area reduces industrial activity, particularly in heavy industry and manufacturing |
| dependancy theory | a theory that descries the development challenges and limitations faced by poorer countries and the political and economic relationships poorer countries have richer countries |
| dual economy | economies wih two distinct distributions of economic activity across economic sectors |
| ecotourism | form of tourism based on the enjoyment of natural areas that minimizes the impact of the enviroment |
| export processing zone (EPZ) | an area within a country that is subject to move favorable regulations (usually including the elimination of tariffs) to encourage foreign investment and the manufacturing of goods for export |
| fordism | highly organized and specialized system for industrial production that focuses on efficency and productivity in mass production named after Henry Ford |
| formal sector | businesses, enterprises, and other economic activities that have government supervision, monitering, and protection, and are also taxed |
| free trade zone (FTZ) | a relativly large geographicals area within a country in which buissnesses pay few or no tariffson goods to encourage or facilitate its role in international trade |
| gender development index (GDI) | a measure that calculates gender disparity in the three basic demensions of human development: health, knowledge, and standard of living |
| gender inequality index (GII) | a measure that calculates inequality based on three categories: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor-market participation |
| gross domestic product (GDP) | the total value of the goods and services produced by a country's citizens and companies both domestically and internationally in a year |
| gross national income (GNI) per capita | the total value of goods and services globally produced by a country in a year divided by the countries population |
| gross national product (GNP) | the total value of the goods and services produced by a country's citizens and companies both domesticallyand internationally in a year |
| growth pole | a place of economic activity clustered around one or more high-growth industires that stimulate economic gain by capitalizing on some special asset |
| human development | the process involved in the improvement of poeple's freedoms, rights, capabilites, choices, and material conditions |
| human development index (HDI) | a measure that determines the overall development of a country by incoporating 3 key demensions of human development: life expectancy at birth, acess to education, (expected and mean years of schooling), and standard of living measured by GNI per capita |
| industrial park | a collection of manufacturing facilities in a particular area that is typically found in suburbs and is located close to highways to facilitate movement of raw materials and finished products |
| industrial revolution | the radical change in manufacturing methods that began in Great Britain in the mid-18th century and was marked by the shift from small-scale, hand crafted muscle-powered production to power-driven mass production |
| industrialization | the process in which the interaction of social and economic facotrs causes the development of industries, on a whole scale |
| industry | any economic activity using machinery on a large scale to process raw materials into products |
| informal sector | any part of a country's economy that is outside of government monitering or regulation; sometimes called the informal economy |
| internation division of labor | a pattern of production and labor in whic different countries are engaged in distinct aspects of production |
| just-in-time delivery | a system in which goods are delivered as needed so that companies keep in inventory only what is needed for near-term production |
| labor market parcipitation (LMP) | rate that measures an economy's active labor force, calculated by taking the sum of all employed workers divided by the working age of the population |
| least cost theory | industrial location theory proposed by Alfred Weber suggesting that buissnesses locate their facilities in a particular place that location minimizes the cost of production |
| microloan | a very small-short term loan with low interest intended to help people in need |
| multipier effect | the economic effet in which a change creates a larger change, such as when a new manufacturing plant grows the economy by giving rise to more related jobs and services |
| neoliberism | belifs that favor free-market capitalism in which trade has no constraints from government |
| off shore outsourcing | the condition when one or more aspects of production moves to an organization in another country |
| post-fordism | system focused on small-scale batch production for a specialized market and flexibility that allows for a quick response to changes in the market |
| post-industrial economy | an economic pattern marked by predominant tertiary sector employment with a good share of quaternary and quinary jobs |
| quaternary sector | an economic sector that is a subset of tertiary sector activities that requires workers to process and handle information and enviromental technology |
| quinary sector | economic sector that is a subset of quaternary sector; involves the very top leaders in government, science, universities, nonprofits, health care, culture, and media |
| raw materials | any metals, wood, or other plant products, animal products, or other substances that are used to make intermediate or finished goods |
| secondary sector | economic sector associated with the production of goods from raw materials; includes manufacturing, processing, and construction |
| special economic zone (SEZ) | an area within a country that offers more favorable economic regulations (such as tax benefit or no tariffs) to attract foriegn businesses |
| stages of economic growth | a model that suggests that all countries can be categorized on a spectrum from traditional to modern, countries need to pass through distinct stages of economic growth in succession |
| tertiary sector | an economic sector that includes a host of activities that involve the transport storage, marketing, and selling of goods or services also called the service sector |
| women empowerment | women's options and access to participate fully in the social and economic sphers of a society |
| economic sector | collection of industries engages in similar economic activities based on the creation of raw materials, the production of goods provision of services, or other activities. |
| primary sector | economic secotr associated with removing ro harvesting products from the earth; includes agriculture, fishing, forestry, mining, or quarrying, and extracting liquids or gasses. |
Created by:
Amelia987
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