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MCAT Bio: Euk Cell
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cytoplasm | material in which the cellular organelles sit in |
| nucleus | Stores DNA and controls most of the cell's processes |
| ribosome | Makes proteins using coded instructions from the nucleus |
| cytoskeleton | helps the cell keep its shape and structure |
| cell membrane | Serves as the cell's boundary from its environment and regulates which materials enter and leave the cell |
| nucleolus | A small, dense region in the nucleus where the assembly of proteins begins |
| rough ER | An internal membrane system with ribosomes on its surface where proteins are assembled |
| smooth ER | An internal membrane system where lipids are assembled |
| golgi apparatus | Modifies, sorts, and packages protein and other materials |
| mitochondria | Converts food to ATP. Where cellular respiration takes place. |
| lysosomes | Contains enzymes that break down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins |
| nucleus | this is where transcription occurs |
| cytosol | translation occurs in the ___________ |
| rough ER | secreted proteins, transmembrane proteins, lysosomal proteins, ER proteins, and Golgi proteins finish translation here |
| secreted | in ___________ and lysosomal proteins, they have a signal sequence at the first few amino acids which are translated and then removed at the end of transcription |
| membrane-bound | in __________-___________ proteins, the signal sequence can be anywhere within the amino acid sequence and remains apart of the mature protein |
| hydrophobic | the amino acids in the signal sequence insert themselves into the membrane of the RER, therefore they generally have a _____________ nature |
| phospholipids | the plasma membrane is primarily composed of these molecules |
| cholesterol | this molecule in the plasma membrane keeps the membrane fluid, prevents clumping and solidifying |
| carbohydrate | this molecule in the plasma membrane facilitates cell-cell communication and are only located on the extracellular side because of their hydrophilicity |
| protein | this molecule in the plasma membrane helps carry charged/polar molecules across the membrane |
| decreases | as you add solute, the freezing point ____________ |
| decreases | as you add solute, the vapor pressure ____________ |
| increases | as you add solute, the boiling point ____________ |
| increases | as you add solute, the osmotic pressure _____________ |
| electrolytes | these are free ions in a solution as a result of dissolving ionic solutions |
| Van't Hoff | these number of electrolytes in a solution is described by the ___________ ___________ factors |
| diffusion | the spontaneous movement of particles down a concentration gradient |
| osmosis | the movement of water from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration |
| hypertonic | If solution A has more particles than solution B, than solution A is ____________ compared to solution B |
| hypotonic | If solution A has more particles than solution B, than solution B is ____________ compared to solution A |
| isotonic | If solution A has the same number of particles as solution B, than solution B is ____________ compared to solution A |
| simple diffusion, phobic | type of transport in which no energy is needed and particles can easily pass through the membrane down their concentration gradient without help; general small, hydro___________ molecules |
| facilitated diffusion, philic | type of transport in which particles move down their concentration gradient with the aid of a helper protein; generally small, hydro_______ molecules |
| pores | this is a type of helper protein which are non-specific holes within the membrane; ONLY found in nuclear membrane |
| channels | this is a type of helper protein which are highly specific and found in the cell plasma membrane; undergo a conformational change to move molecules across |
| primary active transport | this type of transport requires energy and is not spontaneous; particles move against concentration gradient; uses ATP directly; in all cells; Na+/K+ ATPase |
| 3, 2, 1 | the Na+/K+ ATPase pumps ___ Na+ in and ___ K+ out and requires ___ molecule of ATP |
| secondary active transport | this type of transport requires energy and is not spontaneous; particles move against concentration gradient; uses ATP indirectly and relies on gradient set up by primary active transport |
| adenyl cyclase | - type of G-protein - active cAMP = second messenger --> activate cAMP-dependent protein kinases --> phosphorylate enzymes --> change enzyme activity in the cell |
| phospholipase C | - type of G-protein - activate IP3 --> increases intracellular Ca2+ concentration - activate DAG --> activate kinases |
| microtubule | - component of cytoskeleton - protein = alpha and beta tubulin - large diameter - used in mitotic spindles, intracellular transport, and cilia and flagella |
| microfilament | - component of cytoskeleton - protein = actin - small diameter - used in muscle contraction, cytokinesis, and pseudopod formation |
| intermediate filament | - component of cytoskeleton - several different types of proteins - medium diameter - used in structure |
| desmosomes | cell that is used as a general adhesive junction to connect cells |
| tight junctions | these types of junctions seals the lumen and separates the environment of two cells |
| gap junctions | these types of junctions enable cell-cell communication and let them share molecules and signals |
| proliferate | cancer cells differ from regular cells because they _____________ uncontrollably |
| metastasize | cancer cells do this, in which they spread to surrounding tissues |
| oncogenes | - type of cancer gene - gain-of-function mutation - normal version promote and regulate cell division and differentiation |
| tumor suppressor genes | - type of cancer gene - loss-of-function mutation - normal version codes for proteins that slow down cell growth and division, monitor genome in cell cycle, initiate DNA repair mechanisms when needed, trigger apoptosis if DNA is unrepairable |
| caspases | these are a family of proteases that when activated cause apoptosis |
| initiator | this type of caspase is activated by extracellular or intracellular death signals and activates downstream effector caspases |
| effector | this type of caspase is cleave protein substrates and initiate apoptosis |
Created by:
coletty218
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