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APUSH Civil War Exam
6 f*cking chapters worth, strap in folks
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Union & Confederate Notes: Advantages & Disadvantages - States | North: 23 States South: 11 States (Without the “Border States”) |
| Union & Confederate Notes: Advantages & Disadvantages - Population | North: 22 million South: 9 million (3.5 million of the population is slaves) |
| Union & Confederate Notes: Advantages & Disadvantages - factories | North: 100,000 Factories employing 1 million workers South: 20,000 Factories employing 100,000 employees |
| Union & Confederate Notes: Advantages & Disadvantages - Railroads | North: 20,000 miles of track (more than rest of the world combined); 96% of nation’s railroad equipment South: 11,000 miles |
| Confederate Advantages: | Defensive fighting Moral cause (e.g. Self-determination) Talented military officers (Robert E. Lee, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, etc.) Confidence |
| Union Advantages: | Population ¾ of the Nation’s wealth Ideal of maintaining the Union Superior manufacturing, shipping, banking ¾ of the Nation’s railroads, capacity to repair the South didn’t have |
| The 1st “Modern War”? why? | o Modernizations in weapons, high casualties Repeating rifles, The “Minie Ball” , Rifles & snipers, Artillery, Grape Shot, Cannister Shot, Chain shot o balloons, trench warfare, submarines o Ironclad ships |
| Environment: | Weather (Hot/Cold & Winter/Rain), terrain (woods, rivers, battlefields) |
| Supplies: | Food shortages common & Disease ran rampant Weapons difficult to come by Confederacy only had 24,000 modern weapons Union had more & better artillery (manufacturing strength) Uniforms: No set pattern initially, poor numbers |
| Finance: | - The 1st income tax in U.S. History, coupled with increased tariffs (1st with the Morill Tariff Act of 1861) - Greenbacks, Bonds (Especially through Jay Cooke & Co.), & a new National Banking System |
| Flags: | In the thick of battle – regimental flags often the only sign of a unit visible in smoke & chaos. Received heavy amounts of fire – color guard of a regiment often hired – sole purpose to carry the flag. |
| Day to Day: | Most of the time wasn’t spent fighting (inactive about 75% of the time) |
| Casualties | Twice as many men died from illness than from enemy fire. Civilians Prisoners of war – The CSA’s Andersonville prison camp |
| women | Clara Barton – The ‘Angel of the Battlefield’ Dorothea Dix Louisa May Alcott – Hospital Sketches |
| African Americans | authorized recruitment (1862), 185,000+ Blacks served 37,000 died in battle 10% of the Union – won 23 Medals of Honor 54th Massachusetts Regiment (40% casualties) Fort Pillow Massacre (Tennessee) – Led by Nathan Forrest |
| A. SECESSION – Following Abraham Lincoln’s Election (November 1860) | South Carolina – December 20, 1860 Alabama – January 11, 1861 Louisiana – January 26, 1861 Mississippi – January 9, 1861 Georgia – January 19, 1861 Texas – February 1, 1861 Florida – January 10, 1861 |
| B. FORT SUMTER – (Charleston Harbor, SC) April 12, 1861 | Confederates demand fort surrender– Major Robert Anderson doesn’t o The “Star of the West” ship Anderson’s call for supplies April 12th – at 4:30 am. – a single mortar shot signaling the other 43 guns surrounding the fort begins the war. |
| After Fort Sumter is attacked, more states secede: (Making 11 total) | Virginia – April 17,1861 North Carolina – May 20, 1861 Arkansas – May 6, 1861 Tennessee – June 8, 1861 |
| border states that stayed | Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware (Later West Virginia breaks away) Remained in the Union – Why? The North didn’t start the war |
| Lincoln after fort sumnter | purpose of the war – To preserve the Union calls for 75,000 volunteers (mandatory conscription not until 1863) for 90 day terms o three months: Planned a short war o Other issues: flags, bugle calls, plans; Southern training & illiteracy |
| C. FIRST BULL RUN (FIRST MANASSAS) – (Manassas, VA) July 21, 1861 | Union: Lincoln orders Irvin McDowell to attack CSA - 25 miles outside of Wash. D.C. o Union plan: capture southern capital, Richmond, VA – Thoughts of an easy victory CSA led by Pierre G.T. Beauregard |
| first bull run actual battle | Manassas Junction: July 21, 1861 ( Noon, Union troops 8 miles wide) Union began to win--CSA retreated, attacked again. Union forced CSA to retreat again, except Virginia-“Stonewall” Jackson Confederacy regrouped, forced Union retreat. |
| Bull Run Aftermath | Union Forces: 32,000 - Casualties: 2,708 CSA Forces: 35,000 - Casualties: 1,982 |
| D. SHILO (PITTSBURGH LANDING) – (Shiloh, TN) April 6-7, 1862 | Grant 43,000 prepared for attack on Corinth. Confed. Albert S. Johnston (44,700) heard of attack, marched offensive. Beauregard takes command of CSA Union Reinforcements & Buell arrived during night--Union pushes CSA back to gain victory. |
| Pittsburg results | Union Forces: 60,000 Casualties: 13,000 CSA Forces: 40,000 Casualties: 10,700 bloodiest 2-day battle in war |
| E. ANTIETAM (SHARPSBURG) – (Sharpsburg, MD) September 17, 1862 | union finds copy of attack plans for Harper's Ferry McClellan very catious Three battles in one: 1.The Cornfield CSA wins 3. Burnside Bridge CSA wins 2.Sunken farm road Union wins |
| CSA goals of antietam | a. First time in enemy territory- Raise morale b. Wanted foreign support c. Give farmers time to harvest PS: lees first northern campaign |
| Antietam results | Union Forces: 80,000 Casualties: 12,410 CSA Forces: 40,000 Casualties: 10,318 The bloodiest day in American history: 2,300 dead in 20 minutes CSA returns to Virginia, Union loses great opportunity to win war by not pushing forward |
| The Emancipation Proclamation | The victory at Antietam allowed Lincoln to issue: a. slaves in areas still in rebellion declared free b. Civil War becomes moral crusade – The “Moral Cause” of the South is weakened c. Unpopular in North & South d. kept England out of the War |
| F. FREDERICKSBURG – (Fredericksburg, VA) December 11-15, 1862 - prior knowledge | Ambrose Burnside - Unfit to handle the command - moved 115,000 men to Rappanhannock River across from Fredericksburg Supplies (including pontoon boats) did not reach the Union for a week, allowing Lee to Move 78,000 men behind/into Fredericksburg |
| F. FREDERICKSBURG – (Fredericksburg, VA) December 11-15, 1862 - battle | Union begin bridge construction, CSA fired away from town above Burnside controls town, but Lee got reinforcements at Mayre’s Heights December 13, 1862: Union launches attack union defeat (Burnsides’ only defeat) |
| F. FREDERICKSBURG – (Fredericksburg, VA) December 11-15, 1862 - aftermath | Burnside replaced by ‘Fightin’ Joe’ Hooker by Lincoln Union Forces: 105,000 Casualties: 12,635 CSA Forces: 80,000 Casualties: 5,000 (estimated) |
| G. CHANCELLORSVILLE - (Chancellorsville, VA) May 2-4, 1863 | Hooker Plans to split army, long flank through Chancellorsville Lee divides small army into 4 smaller parts to fool union, it works and CSA wins (Lee's greatest victory, paves way for north invasion, but Jackson dies) |
| G. CHANCELLORSVILLE - (Chancellorsville, VA) May 2-4, 1863 - results | Union Forces: 90,000 Casualties: 16,792 CSA Forces: 45,000 Casualties: 12,754 |
| H. GETTYSBURG – (Gettysburg, PA) July 1-3, 1863 - prior knowledge | Lee decides to invade North again with brilliant victories. Command on both sides know that this is essentially the battle to decide the war Lincoln changes command again - George Meade takes over for Hooker |
| H. GETTYSBURG – (Gettysburg, PA) July 1-3, 1863 - three-day battle | July 1st - Dismounted cavalry slow CSA army. CSA win day but do not gain high ground. July 2nd - Battle of Little Round Top – Union Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain victory July 3rd - Pickett's Charge, fate of the Civil War for South. |
| H. GETTYSBURG – (Gettysburg, PA) July 1-3, 1863 - results | The deadliest battle of the war Meade Fails to pursue CSA allows them to slip away back into the South, extends war by 2 years Union Forces: 90,000 Casualties: 23,190 CSA Forces: 76,000 Casualties: 27,899 |
| I. VICKSBURG, Campaign of – (Vicksburg, MS) May 19-July 4, 1863 - prior knowledge | CSA still controlled Mississippi River, difficult to conquer CSA located at fortress, difficult to attack Union put lots of pressure on the CSA fortresses April 1863 - CSA troops backed selves to Vicksburg |
| I. VICKSBURG, Campaign of – (Vicksburg, MS) May 19-July 4, 1863 - battle | Grant sieges Vicksburg city/Garrison. very intense, nothing exited or entered. July 4, 1863 - day after Gettysburg, nearly 30,000 surrender at Vicksburg - in two days the North won decisively in the North & in the West. |
| I. VICKSBURG, Campaign of – (Vicksburg, MS) May 19-July 4, 1863 - Results | Union Forces: 45,000 Casualties: 8,765 CSA Forces: 32,000 Casualties: 32,000 (primarily prisoners of war - 2,000 battle) |
| * The Military Conscription Act of 1863 | put in effect after Vicksburg North: $300 would buy your way out South: own 20+ slaves, 20 Negro Law’ Riots, once 1000 killed in rioting – Most prominent: New York City Draft Riots (July 1863) o ‘poor man’s war’? |
| The Gettysburg Address | “All men are created equal… this nation under god shall have a new birth of freedom” didnt actually do shit |
| J. CHICKAMAUGA – (Chickamauga, GA) September 19-20, 1863 | CSA Gen. Braxton Bragg (Tennessee army) Chased from Chattanooga. Outnumbered Union Plan: go north along Chickamauga creek , flank union Com. George Thomas – placed on Union left – (9/20/1863): “ Alleged Gap,” Major William S. Rosecrans fills |
| J. CHICKAMAUGA – (Chickamauga, GA) September 19-20, 1863 - results | CSA rush another gap – The Union retreats Union Forces: 58,000 Casualties: 16,179 CSA Forces: 66,000 Casualties: 18,454 |
| K. CHATTANOOGA – (Chattanooga, TN) November 24-25, 1863 | CSA slowly pursues Rosecrans & his 40,000 men to Chattanooga Union held Missionary Ridge & Lookout Mountain, the CSA attacks The Union manages a defensive victory Significance of Chattanooga: The Union control denied the CSA east-west communications |
| K. CHATTANOOGA – (Chattanooga, TN) November 24-25, 1863 - Results | Union Forces: 61,000 Casualties: 5,824 CSA Forces: 44,000 Casualties: 6,667 |
| 1864 Election | McClellan is Democratic nominee: Wins Kentucky, Delaware & New Jersey - In the tradition of Copperheads like Clement Vallandigham Lincoln wins 55% of vote - most of Union Army voted for Lincoln |
| in early 1864, General Grants is... | put in charge of entire Union army |
| L. SHERMAN’S ATLANTA TO SAVANNAH MARCH – (Georgia) Nov. 15-Dec. 22, 1864 - FOREKNOWLEDGE | At this point Tennessee was cleared of Rebels, readying the path for Georgia Grant puts Sherman in command of the east with 10,000 men CSA John Bell Hood replaces Joseph Johnston |
| L. SHERMAN’S ATLANTA TO SAVANNAH MARCH – (Georgia) Nov. 15-Dec. 22, 1864 - BATTLE | CSA tries to stop Sherman, can't CSA retreat to Atlanta, evacuate Sept 1, 1864 Sherman begins march – destroys crops: cattle, railroads, farms 300 miles to Savanna, Travel 10 miles a day Significance: Split the South vertically and horizontally |
| L. SHERMAN’S ATLANTA TO SAVANNAH MARCH – (Georgia) Nov. 15-Dec. 22, 1864 - RESULT | Union Forces: 65,000 Casualties: 1,338 CSA Forces: 12,000 Casualties: 600 |
| M. APPOMATTOX COURT HOUSE – (Appomattox Court, VA) April 9, 1865 | Robert E. Lee & Army N. Virginia - went to Appomattox for supplies, Grant & army pursued Union captured 7,000 CSA troops, Lee decides to surrender April 9, 1865 – met in Wilmer McLean’s Parlor April 12th – Surrender, 28,000 CSA laid down weapons |
| last battle and death of Civil War | o The last fighting: May 13 at Palmito Ranch, TX; The last man killed: John J. Williams (Union) |
| April 14, 1865: Lincoln assassination: | Ford’s Theater, with wife, Major Henry Rathbone & fiancée Clara Harris John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln Lincoln died @ 7:22, April 15, 1865 Booth captured 12 days later, executed Sec of State attacked in home by Lewis Paine |
| Causes of the Civil War p1 | 1. Texas annexation 2. James Polk & Election of 1844 3. Mex-American War 4. The Impending Crisis of the South & Uncle Tom’s Cabin 5. Missouri Comp of 1820 & Comp of 1850: 6. , 1848, 1852, 1856 elections 7. Bloody Kansas |
| Causes of the Civil War p2 | 8. Lincoln-Douglas Debates 9. Dred Scott Case 10. John Brown & Harper’s Ferry 11. Election of 1860 12. Secession |
| Nat Turner | slave that led Nat Turner's Rebellion, a rebellion of enslaved Virginians that took place in Southampton County |
| Zachary Taylor | whig electoral for 1848 election, won but died very soon into presidency |
| Henry Clay | “The Great Pacifier/Compromiser”, Former United States Secretary of State, negotiated the Treaty of Ghent, Constructed a foreign policy plan, involved in 1850 comp |
| John Brown | extreme abolitionist, led the potawannie massacre, and tried to lead a revolt on harpers ferry, failed, got executed but became a |
| Stephen Douglas | 1860 electoral choice while democrats were messy, advocate of popular sovereignty, broker of the Compromise of 1850, introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act |
| Jefferson Davis | first and only president of the Confederacy during the Civil War. After the Civil War he was charged with treason, but only spent two years in prison. |
| George McClellan | a coward of a union general, led Antietam and lost, lincoln told him to f*ck off but then he ran against lincoln in 1864. lost horribly. |
| ‘Stonewall’ Jackson | general officer in the Confederate Army, got nickname from the 1st bull run, accidently killed by his own men |
| Denmark Vesey | also known as Telemaque, free Black and community leader in Charleston, South Carolina, who was accused and convicted of planning a major slave revolt in 1822. |
| Franklin Pierce | president from 1853-57, a forgettable president northern democrat signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act enforced fugitive slave act anti-abolitionist |
| William Lloyd Garrison | Creator of the Liberator |
| James K. Polk | winner of 1844 election, campaign focused on manifest destiny. really wanted california, president during Mex-american war (1846-48) - Polks war message - “american soil has been spilled on american soil” |
| Roger Taney | the really racist judge in charge of the dred scott case |
| William Seward | secretary of state from 1861 to 1869, close advisor of lincoln, "higher law" speech against slavery |
| Ulysses S. Grant | eventual Commanding General of the Union Army, led at pittsburg and vicksburg, dealt with treaty with lee at Appomattox Court |
| Gabriel Prosser | slave blacksmith owned by Thomas Prosser, of Henrico County, planned to enter Richmond with force, capture the Capitol and the Virginia State Armory, and hold Governor James Monroe hostage to bargain for freedom for Virginia's slaves. |
| Robert E. Lee | super successful CSA leader, not into slavery and initially offered position as union general |
| Pierre Beauregard | |
| Andrew Johnson | |
| Louisa May Alcott | wrote Little Women, feminist, Volunteered as a nurse after the start of the Civil War. |
| Stephen F. Austin | |
| 1825 Colonization Law | 8/18/1824, Mexican govt passed this, allowed foreigners to settle on any vacant public land in Mexico, but restricted foreigners from settling within twenty leagues of the border with another country and within ten leagues of the coast. |
| Mexico (Independence, Slavery, Santa Anna) | mexican war of independence - Sep 16, 1810 – Sep 27, 1821 antislavery |
| Texas Annexation | 1845 - US annexation of texas |
| Manifest Destiny | James K. Polk built his campaign around this, basically the idea that it's the US's god-given right to colonize the west |
| Dark-Horse Candidacy | a previously lesser-known person, team or thing that emerges to prominence in a situation, |
| The Election of 1844 & Third Party | Clay vs. Polk, where Polk would surprisingly win (see dark horse) Polk was the only speaker of the house elected president |
| The 4 Promises of Polk | Annex california Acquire Oregon Lower the tariff (1846 walker tariff) Annex texas (but that happened 3 days before he took office) |
| Oregon | joint custody w britain ended with the 1846 oregon treaty, banned slavery\ |
| Horace Greeley | slogan - “Go west, young man, go west” founder of the New York Tribune Newspaper, abolitionist |
| The Slidell Mission, | In 1845 he was sent to Mexico by President James K. Polk to secure territorial concessions and at the same time to avert the approaching war with that country. Though he was not received officially by the Mexican government, he remained as an observer un |
| The Wilmot Proviso, | The provision that slavery be excluded from the Mexican Cession (territories like california), named after who proposed it, created because mexico didnt like slavery and didnt want these areas having slavery |
| The Rio Grande & Nueces Rivers, | 1845 - US annexed Texas and engaged in a dispute with Mexico over the southern Texas-Mexico border. Texas claimed its southwest boundary extended to the Rio Grande. Mexico claimed the boundary was the Nueces River, 100 miles eastward. |
| Spot Resolutions, | The resolutions requested President James K. Polk to provide Congress with the exact location (the "spot") upon which blood was spilled on American soil, as Polk had claimed in 1846 when asking Congress to declare war on Mexico. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | February 2, 1848 - Treaty that ended the Mexican American war |
| The Impending Crisis of the South & Uncle Tom’s Cabin: | UTC: written by white woman Harriete Beecher Stowe sold 300,000 in the first year, 2 mil in the decade Reaction to the fugitive slave act ICS: written by Hindon Helper Published in 1857 argument - poor whites hurt most by slavery |
| 1820: Missouri & Maine | maine became a free state, missouri became a slave state |
| the 36-30 Line, | the line which slavery was not allowed above in the louisiana territory |
| Missouri Compromise of 1820 | outlawed slavery above the 36º 30' latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory. |
| Ex Parte Merriman (1862) & Ex Parte Milligan (1866) | cases that found the president exceeded his legal powers to suppress dissenters during the American Civil War. |
| The Suspension of Habeas Corpus, Censorship of Newspapers | lincoln did that during civil war |
| England and the Trent Affair | James madison and john slidell - confed politicians of the Trent ship which were captured, british ship to british meeting that caused a lil fuss. Ultimate union releases ship |
| Excise Taxes, | any duty on manufactured goods that is normally levied at the moment of manufacture for internal consumption rather than at sale. |
| Income Tax | financial requirements of the War prompted first American income tax in 1861. first, Congress placed flat 3-percent tax on all incomes over $800 , later included graduated tax. Congress repealed the income tax in 1872, but the concept did not disappear. |
| , Morrill Tariff Act (AKA Tariff Act of 1861) | Morrill (financial conservative) sponsored this, introduced high import duties not for the traditional purpose of national revenue but to protect American industry from overseas competition. kinda effed with south transport i think. |
| Greenbacks & Bluebacks | greenbacks - north, early iteration of modern green dollar blueblacks - confederate dollar, now unused both had huge inflation, but south had it worse |
| Bonds (Jay Cooke & Co.), | n 1861 Cooke opened up his own banking house, Jay Cooke and Company, where he dealt gold, sold and bought notes of state banks, traded foreign exchanges, and served as a broker. |
| National Banking System | a national bank is a commercial bank chartered by the U.S. Treasury. many nation BUS acts passed during war to(i) help finance the war effort by increasing the demand for federal government debt and (ii) promote a stable uniform currency. |
| The Tredagar Iron Works | the main supplier of artillery ordnance during the Civil War |
| 1850: California, | after Polk voiced desire for Cali, and the "bear flag revolt," california was admitted as a free state |
| Henry Clay, on the 1850 Compromise | tried to go down the middle with the solution, (california is free BUT fugitive slave act AND popular sovereignty), ain an attempt to avoid conflict. did not work really |
| New Mexico & Utah Territories, | left to popular sovereignty, both became slave states |
| Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, | basically enforced more laws around slave retrieval in the north, north created personal liberty laws in response. also screwed with underground railroad effectiveness |
| Personal Liberty Laws | enacted between 1780 and 1859, protected African-Americans from kidnapping and from being claimed as fugitive slaves. Slave-holding states complained that the laws violated the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793. |
| Compromise of 1850 | admitted California as free state, left Utah & New Mexico to popular sovereignty , defined a new Texas-New Mexico boundary, and made it easier for slaveowners to recover runways under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. |
| Dred Scott Case and The Supreme Court’s statement on slaves | Chief justice roger taney wrote Black people have no rights Proper never ceases being property Congress cant take slaves away because property is protected under the 5th amendment |
| , Popular Sovereignty | the idea that new states in the union should be able to vote for whether they have slavery, promoted by Stephen Douglas |
| , The Free-Soil Party, | short-lived coalition political party active from 1848-1854, when it merged into the Republican Party. The party was largely focused on the single issue of opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories of the United States. |
| Franklin Pierce | president from 1853 to 1857 (northern Democrat) anti-abolition signed Kansas–Nebraska Act enforced Fugitive Slave Act. sent verbal instructions for Gadsden through Christopher Ward, agent for U.S. investors in the Garay project |
| Gadsden Purchase (1853), | a 29,640-square-mile region of present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico that the United States acquired from Mexico by the Treaty of Mesilla, which took effect on June 8, 1854. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), | Popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska territories. invalidated the Missouri Compromise Stephen douglas’s role - hard supporter of pop. sov., encouraged many people south scared at how easily slavery laws are overturned |
| Ostend Manifesto (1854), | a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused. Cuba's annexation had long been a goal of U.S. |
| James Buchanan | 1856 winner (democrat) sometimes considered worst president in america kinda ignored/didnt handle these: Bleeding kansas Panic of 1857 South carolina and the secession crisis (1860-61) |
| Election of 1860 | choices Abraham lincoln - republican Stephen a douglas - north democrat John c breckinridge - south democrat John bell - constitutional union results - lincoln wins (no southern votes) |
| Bloody Kansas | after popular sovereignty passes, everyone starts going to kansas to ensure slavery/no slavery - NE Emigrant Aid Co. and “Beecher’s Bibles” (aka guns, anti-slavery) - 200 people die from 1856-57 cause of fighting |
| Kansas & Nebraska Territories, | eventually opened up to popular soverignty |
| NE Emigrant Aid Society, | provided funds to Kansas-bound settlers to help alleviate travel expenses, sometimes paying upwards of 25 percent of the overall cost per individual, if they voted for slavery in Kansas |
| The ‘Pottawatomie Massacre,’ | led by john brown, May 24–25, 1856, in the Kansas Territory. he and followers murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in Kansas then mutilated their bodies to scare other slave supporters and to keep slavery supporters from moving into Kansas. |
| Lecompton Constitution, | a pro-slavery document. If approved it would allow slavery in the state of Kansas. Both the proslavery constitutional convention and the free-state legislature claimed to have the authority to call for an election on the Lecompton Constitution. |
| Kansas’s Admission | Jan. 19, 1861 - Kansas entered the Union as a free state |
| Harriet Tubman (1820-1913) | Helped over 300 slaves to freedom in underground railroad $40,000 bounty on head Never caught acted as spy for north in civil war |
| 1846 Oregon Treaty | The United States and Great Britain signed the Treaty of Oregon on June 15, 1846, ending 28 years of joint occupancy of the Pacific Northwest. The treaty established the 49th parallel as the border between the two countries. |
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