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Ch.8 Vocab
Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A system of government-assisted economic development embraced by state legislatures in the first half of the nineteenth century, especially in the Northeast. Encouraged entrepreneurs to enhance the public welfare through private economic initiatives | neomercantilism |
| First major economic crisis of the United States. Farmers and planters faced an abrupt 30 percent drop in world agricultural prices, and as farmers’ income declined, they could not pay debts owed to stores and banks, many of which went bankrupt. | Panic of 1819 |
| The republican system of political economy implemented by state governments in the early nineteenth century that funneled aid to private businesses whose projects would improve the general welfare | Commonwealth System |
| A 364-mile waterway connecting the Hudson River and Lake Erie. Brought prosperity to the entire Great Lakes region, and its benefits prompted civic and business leaders in Philadelphia and Baltimore to propose canals to link their cities to the Midwest. | Erie Canal |
| The dramatic increase between 1820 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Reflected the increased output of farms and factories, the activities of traders and merch., creation of a transport network of roads, canals, railroads. | Market Revolution |
| A burst of major inventions and economic expansion based on water and steam power, reorganized work routines, and the use of machine technology that transformed certain industries, such as cotton textiles and iron, between 1790 and 1860. | Industrial Revolution |
| The economic system that developed in the first half of the nineteenth century binding together southern cotton production with northern clothmaking, shipping, and capital. | cotton complex |
| A term used in the nineteenth century to refer to skilled craftsmen and inventors who built and improved machinery and machine tools for industry. | mechanics |
| A labor system employing young farm women in NE factories that originated in 1822 and declined after 1860, when immigrant labor became predominant. The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and required to attend church. | Waltham- Lowell System |
| Practice of ending slavery in distant future while recognizing white property rights to the slaves they owned. Statutes only applied to enslaved laborers born after the passage of the statute, only after they had first labored for their owners for a term. | gradual emancipation |
| The legal act of relinquishing property rights in slaves. Worried that a large free black population would threaten the institution of slavery, the Virginia assembly repealed Virginia’s 1782 manumission law in 1792. | manumission |
| The domestic slave trade with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley. | costal trade |
| The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South. | inland system |
| In 1837, South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun argued on the floor of the Senate that slavery was not a necessary evil but a positive good “indispensable to the peace and happiness” of blacks and whites alike. | "positive good" |
| The ideology held by slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves. | paternalism |
| Machines that made standardized metal parts for other machines, like textile looms and sewing machines. The development of machine tools by American inventors in the early nineteenth century accelerated industrialization | machine tools |
| An ideology of production that celebrated small-scale producers and emphasized liberty and equality. It flourished after the American Revolution and gradually declined as a result of industrialization. | artisan republicanism |
| Organizations of workers that began during the Industrial Revolution to bargain with employers over wages, hours, benefits, and control of the workplace. | unions |
| The belief that human labor produces economic value. Adherents argued that the price of a product should be determined not by the market but by the amount of work required to make it, that most of the price should be paid to the person who produced it. | labor theory of value |
| A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity. | gang-labor system |
| An economic group of prosperous farmers, artisans, and traders that emerged in the early nineteenth century. Its rise reflected a dramatic increase in prosperity. Fostered a distinct middle-class urban culture. | middle class |
| A nineteenth-century ideal that celebrated men who rose to wealth or social prominence from humble origins through self-discipline, hard work, and temperate habits. | self- made man |
| Merchants _____________ and ______________became the nation’s first millionaires | John Jacob Astor and Robert Oliver |
| devised a telegraph capable of sending signals through miles of wire. Of equal importance, Morse and his collaborator, machinist | Samuel F.B. Morse |
| the most important émigré mechanic, came to America in 1789 after working for Richard Arkwright, who had invented the most advanced British machinery for spinning cotton. | Samuel Slater |
| a wealthy Boston merchant, toured British textile mills, secretly making detailed drawings of their power machinery. | Francis Cabot Lowell |
| invented a machine for twisting worsted woolen yarn to give it an especially smooth surface, improved the efficiency of the waterwheels powering sawmills and built a machine to weave wire sieves, | NEXT CARD |
| ran machine shops that turned out riveted leather fire hoses, papermaking equipment, and eventually locomotives. ,founded the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia | Sellars Family |
| devised a machine, called a cotton engine (or cotton “gin” for short), that could quickly separate the seeds of a short-staple cotton boll from their delicate fibers, an innovation that increased the speed of cotton processing fiftyfold. | Eli Whitney |
| moved his reaper factory from western Virginia to Chicago to be closer to his midwestern customers. | Cyrus McCormick |
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