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History essay
3.4 NCEA level 3 History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When and where did pope urban II deliver his sermon? | 1095 in Clermont France |
| What are my two causes of the first crusade? | The pope wanting to reassert his authority after the great schism and the investiture crisis and the letter he received from the Byzantine emperror Alexius. |
| Classify pope wanting to reassert his authority? | Underlying and political cause |
| When did the great schism happen? | 1054 |
| Who was the schism between? | The Eastern and Western branches of Christianity into the Greek orthodox church and the Latin Roman Catholic church |
| When did Theodosius the great die? And what happened? | He died in 395 and the Roman empire split into western and eastern halves. |
| What had happened to the two halves of the roman empire by the end of the fifth century? | The Western half had been devastated by barbarians while the Eastern half flourished. |
| What religious matter further divided the two halves? | The Arianism doctrine that was supported by the East but rejected by the pope in the West. |
| What were the many feasible causes of the schism in 1054? | The addition of the Filioque clause into the Nicene creed, the dispute of jurisdiction in the Balkans, Constantinople being designated the "ecumenical patriarch", and the debates over the higher authority of the pope. |
| When did the investiture crisis happen? | 1074 |
| Who were the two historical figures involved in the investiture crisis? | The emperor of Germany Henry the 4th and Pope Gregory the 7th |
| What triggered the investiture crisis? | Pope Gregory the 7th declared the Dictatus Papae which was quite controversial |
| What did the dictatus papae state? | It stated that the deposal of an emperor was under the sole power of the pope, the roman church was founded by God alone, the papal power was the sole universal power, the pope alone could appoint or dispose churchmen. |
| What did Henry do after the dictatus papae? | He continued to appoint bishops and withdrew his imperial support of Gregory as the pope. |
| What did Henry say in a letter to Gregory? | "I, Henry, king by grace of God, with all of my bishops, say to you, come down, come down, and be damned throughout the ages." |
| What was the last straw for Gregory? | Henry then appointed a Milanese priest, this however was the last straw for Gregory and he excommunicated Henry the fourth. |
| What happened after Henry was excomunicated? | Henry's people did not want an excommunicated emperor resulting in civil war and so Henry had to beg Gregory for forgiveness in the snow for three days. |
| How did the great schism result in the pope loosing his authority? | Pope Urban had lost all of his authority over the Eastern population of Christians through the great schism. |
| How did the investiture crisis result in the pope loosing his authority? | The investiture crisis was a cause of Pope Urban delivering his sermon as it had damaged the reputation of the papacy |
| How was the pope wanting to reassert his authority a cause of pope urban delivering his sermon? | calling the nations of Europe together to go to war would help pope urban to reassert his authority over other leaders. It would demonstrate to the nobles that Urban was to be obeyed and that he was the highest authority in the west. |
| Classify the letter from emperror alexius? | Short term political cause |
| When and what was the battle of Manzikert? | The Battle of Manzikert was fought between the Byzantine Empire and the Seljuk Turks in 1071. The Seljuk Turks were victorious and captured the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. |
| What happened to the Byzantine emperror after the Battle of Manzikert? | They later released him but for a price, and when the emperor returned he was attacked and blinded by one of his generals Michael VII Doukas and many other commanders in Asia Minor scrambled to claim his throne. |
| How did the Battle of Manzikert impact the Byzantine empire? | Resulted in a loss of security and confidence in their military force which was exaggerated by the civil war that ensued which drastically weakened the empire and their ability to protect themselves from the advances of the Seljuk Turks in the long term. |
| When did the Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem? | 1087 |
| What did emperror Alexius do in 1091? | The emperor of the Byzantine empire Alexius was intimidated by the constant advances of the Seljuk Turks and he knew that the empire was in jeopardy of being overtaken and so he turned to diplomacy sending a letter to Urban begging for their assistance |
| What claims did Alexius make in his letter to Urban? | Emperor Alexius made a large amount of unreliable claims about atrocities that Muslims had been comitting against Christians in the East |
| What did Alexius say about gold? | "if their love of gold is greater, they will find more of it there than in all the world; for the treasure-vaults of the churches of Constantinople abound in silver, gold, gems and precious stones, and silken garments" |
| What are examples of similarities between urbans sermon and Alexius's letter? | necessity the brethren in the East, the conquering advances of the Seljuk Turks, the sufferings of the Christians in the East, desecration of holy places, sanctity of Jerusalem,fighting the Turks is God's work and promise of eternal and temporary rewards. |
| How was emperror Alexius's letter a cause of Urban delivering his sermon? | Pope urban II decided to respond to the call for help from the East because he saw it as an opportunity to launch an attack against Muslims, to expand the wealth of the west and to reassert his authority in the east. |
| What are my two consequences of pope urbans sermon? | The first crusade and the formation of the crusader states |
| Classify the first crusade? | The first crusade was a short-term political consequence of pope Urban's sermon. |
| Why was the first crusade a consequence of pope urbans sermon? | because people were promised absolution, the full remission of penance. This was a huge incentive for people of all standings at the time. As the Christians in Europe were one of the most guilt-ridden societies of all time |
| What did historian Historian Jonathan Philips say? | the need for all people whether rich or poor, nobles or labourers - to atone for their actions helps to explain the level of enthusiasm for the First Crusade and also the crusaders determination to fulfil their vows by completing the journey to Jerusalem |
| Who led the peoples crusade? | Peter the hermit, a monk |
| How many people followed peter into the first crusade? | Peter had convinced forty thousand men, women, children, elderly, nobles, commoners, and even serfs to follow him on the crusade to Jerusalem. |
| Why was it a problem that peters group set out early? | they had very little food, and even less money, and no military expierence. |
| when did the official crusade army set out? | The official crusaders set out in four main armies travelling different routes to Constantinople around the time appointed by Pope Urban in August 1096 |
| Who were the leaders of the four main crusader armies? | Hugh of Vermandois, Godfrey of Bouillon, Raymond I of Tripoli, and Bohemond I of Antioch |
| When did they arrive in Constantinople? | between November 1096 and April 1097. During the first half of 1097 the crusader armies were joined by Peter the Hermit and what remained of the peoples' crusade, as they commenced a Siege on Nicea. |
| When did the Turkish garrison surrender to the crusaders in Nicea? | 18th of June 1097 |
| When did the crusaders reach Jerusalem? | June 1099 |
| How long was the crusaders siege on Jerusalem? | 5 weeks |
| When did the crusaders capture Jerusalem? | 15th of July 1099 |
| What did the crusaders do in the late spring of 1096? | ransacked and destoryed almost all of the Jewish communities along the Rhine, Massacring thousands of Jews, because they needed money, food, and supplies, and they viewed the Jewish people as infidels, twisting "go against the infidels" |
| What is the estimate for how many Jewish people were killed by the crusaders? | The estimates of how many Jewish men, women, and children were slaughtered ranges between 2,000 and 12,000. |
| What did historian Christopher Tyerman say about the capture of Jerusalem? | "juxtaposition of extreme violence and anguished faith.” |
| Classify the formation of the crusader sates? | The formation of the crusader states, known in the west as Outremer was a long-term consequence of Pope Urban's sermon. |
| What were the four crusader states? | The crusader states were the kingdom of Jerusalem, county of Tripoli, the Principality of Antioch, and the county of Edessa. |
| Why was the Outremer region difficult for the crusaders to hold? | Edessa was open to attacks, and the other states were long and thin, lacking natural defence against attacks. The crusaders were very low on man power as the vast majority of the crusaders had returned home after capturing Jerusalem. |
| How did emperror Alexius feel about the crusader states? And what were the implications of this? | not pleased with the leaders of the crusader states because they had made an oath to him to return any conquered lands to him. This resulted in feuding between the crusader Christians and the Byzantium empire. |
| How did the formation of the crusader states impact the local populations of those areas? | degree of religious tolerance in these crusader states. Meaning that Muslims and Jews were often allowed to live in these states and practice their own religions. there was also discrimination against Muslims and Jews&conflict between them and christians. |
| How did the crusader states impact trading? | The crusader states included costal cities which gave them control over important ports which became huge points of trade as they were the connecting points to Europe. Their trading with Europe sparked the renaissance |
| What was the impact on cultural exchange? | The crusaders would bring back different technologies, ideas,&merchandise from the East impacting the culture of medieval Europe. Alsothe crusaders in the crusader states brought lots of their western ideas into the East altering the culture of the east. |
| What were the implications on the stability of the region? | they decreased the stability of the region. They did this as they overtook previously Muslim ruled areas and so they were targeted by different Muslim powers, increasing the conflict and instability in the region. |
| What were the religious implications ? | As the first crusade was very religiously motivated, the crusaders being successful in capturing Jerusalem&taking control over it&the three other crusader states solidified the religious significance of Jerusalem being holy for both Christians&Muslims |
| How did the crusader states impact the Muslim powers? | created a beacon for the Muslim armies, created something for the Muslim armies to unite against and to end the fighting amongst themselves |
Created by:
estherbruce
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