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MCATBio:Reproduction
reproduction and development
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| primary | _________ sex organs make the gametes (sperm/egg) |
| testes | male primary sex organ; makes sperm and testosterone |
| scrotum | this structure of the male reproductive system suspends the testes outside the body cavity |
| testosterone, cooler | sperm needs 2 things for maximum viability - increased __________ levels - _______ temperature (~1-2 degrees) than the body |
| spermatogonia | these cells will become sperm; lodged in between sustentacular cells to start --> undergo meiosis --> move out of lining and into inside of the seminiferous tubules as mature sperm |
| sustentacular | _________ cells (aka. sertoli cells) sustain sperm development, secrete nutrients, secrete androgen binding protein (ABP), line the inside of the seminiferous tubules |
| leydig | _____________ cells (aka. interstitial cells) make testosterone; are wedged in between seminiferous tubules |
| FSH | _______ is the hormone that affects spermatogonia and sustentacular cells |
| LH | _______ is the hormone that affects Leydig cells |
| spermatogenesis | the process by which sperm is made; occurs daily in males from puberty till death |
| mitosis | spermatogonia undergo __________ to make more spermatogonia |
| activated | spermatogonia is ___________ to become the primary spermatocyte |
| meiosis I | the primary spermatocyte undergoes ________ _ to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes |
| meiosis II | 2 secondary spermatocyte undergoes ________ _ to produce 4 spermatids |
| flagella | spermatids must undergo maturation and gain a __________ before they become a mature sperm cell |
| 4 | in spermatogenesis, one primary spermatocyte produces ____ mature sperm cells |
| urethra | this part of the male reproductive system carries both urine and semen |
| epididymis | this part of the male reproductive system is formed by seminiferous tubules in the testes coming together; stores sperm and secretes nutrients |
| vas deferens | this part of the male reproductive system is a long, muscular duct that undergoes peristalsis for ejaculation; crosses the body wall from the scrotum to the body cavity and empties into the urethra --> pushes sperm through to the urethra |
| accessory | male ________ organs - produce semen - seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands |
| semen | a nutritious, primarily fructose, alkaline fluid produced by the reproductive system |
| bulbourethral | this gland in the male reproductive system produces highly basic mucus upon arousal, making semen alkaline |
| penis | the only function of this male reproductive part is to introduce sperm into the female reproductive tract |
| erectile, veins | when the penis becomes aroused, arteries fill up the __________ tissue with blood and pinch off the ______ to keep blood there while erect |
| arousal | the first step of sexual function; parasympathetic control |
| erection | first part of the arousal step: - males: dilation of erectile tissue in the penis - females: labia and clitoris |
| lubrication | second part of the arousal step - males: activation of the bulbourethral gland - females: activation of the greater vestibular gland |
| orgasm | the second step of sexual function; sympathetic control; not necessary component of reproductive for females |
| emission | first part of the orgasm step - males: mix sperm and and semen in the urethra + contract vas deferens and accessory organs - females: N/A |
| ejaculation | second part of the orgasm step - males: reflexive rhythmic contractions - females: N/A except that rhythmic contractions pull sperm in |
| resolution | the third step of sexual function; sympathetic control - males: construct erectile arteries --> blood goes exits through veins back to the heart - this stage in females is 10x longer than it is in males |
| wolffian, mullerian | the fetus starts by having both _________ ducts (male) and ___________ ducts (female) |
| sry, mullerian | in the fetus, the _____ genes initiates the release of testosterone and MIF which cause the regression of the ____________ ducts |
| female | the ________ reproductive system is essentially the default state of the fetus |
| external | the ____________ genitalia of the female reproductive system includes the labia, the greater vestibule region, and the mammary glands |
| labia | these are skin folds that enclose openings of the female reproductive system; vaginal opening + urethral opening = vestibule |
| greater vestibule region | the region is located above the labia and its respective openings, releases alkaline mucus upon arousal; analogous to the bulbourethral glands |
| neutralizes, increase | the alkaline mucus produced by the greater vestibule region and the bulbourethral gland ___________ the acidic environment of the vagina to _________ sperm survival |
| mammary glands | this part of the female reproductive system produces milk to nurse the infant |
| vagina | aka. the birth canal; stretchy muscular tube; acidic environment to restrict growth of pathogens |
| cervix | the opening to the uterus; has two states: non-fertile and fertile |
| closed | in the non-fertile state, the cervix is _________ and it secretes a thick, sticky, acidic mucus that is bad for sperm; most days of the month |
| open | in the fertile state, the cervix is __________ and secretes a thin, watery, alkaline mucus that is better for sperm; only a few days out of the month |
| uterus | pregnancy develops here; has the endometrium and the myometrium |
| endometrium | the ___________ of the uterus is a layer into which a fertilized egg implants; it is built and shed off each month |
| myometrium | the ___________ of the uterus is the smooth muscle walls of the uterus |
| fallopian tubes | ___________ _________ (aka. uterine tubes) connect the uterus to the ovaries, path for eggs to travel to uterus, lined with ciliated cells that sweep the egg along; fertilization with sperm occurs here |
| ovaries | the primary female sex organ; where oogenesis occurs (makes eggs (ovum)); makes estrogen and progesterone |
| mitosis, activation, prophase I | oogenesis: before birth (prenatal) - oogonia undergo ___________ --> more oogonia - oogonia is ___________ --> primary oocyte - primary oocyte stops at _________ __ |
| polar body, metaphase II | oogenesis: monthly from puberty --> menopause - primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I --> first ___ ____ + secondary oocyte - secondary oocyte undergoes ovulation and stops at _________ ___ in the fallopian tubes |
| meiosis II, ova, period | if fertilization occurs: - secondary oocyte finishes _______ __ --> 2nd polar body + ______ (egg) if fertilization doesn't occur: - secondary oocyte is frozen in metaphase II and released on your_______ |
| anterior, ovary, uterus | during the menstrual and ovarian cycles - hypothalamus releases GnRH --> ___________ pituitary releases FSH and LH ---> induces the __________ to make estrogen and progesterone ---> affects the __________ |
| follicular, FSH, estrogen | the _________ phase - first phase of the ovarian cycle - days 1-13 - builds the follicle - triggered by _____ - secretes ________ |
| ovulation, LH | ___________ - second phase of the ovarian cycle - day 14 - secondary oocyte is released with zona pellucida and some granulosa cells - triggered by surge of _____ (only day of positive feedback from estrogen) |
| luteal, progesterone | the _________ phase - the third/last phase of the ovarian cycle - day 15-28 - remaining follicle cells from corpus luteum shrinks overtime - triggered by surge of LH - secretes estrogen and ____________ |
| luteal | there is a rapid spike in progesterone at the beginning of the ___________ phase of the ovarian cycle |
| menstruation, low | ___________ - the first phase of the uterine cycle - day 1-5 - old endothelium is shed - _______ levels of estrogen and progesterone |
| proliferative, estrogen, progesterone | the _________ phase - second stage of the uterine cycle - day 6-14 - rebuild endometrium - rising levels of __________ - __________ levels remain low |
| secretory, progesterone | the ___________ phase - the third/last stage of the uterine cycle - enhance the endometrium - increase in __________ levels |
| hcg, high | if pregnancy occurs - the blastula makes _____ (analogous to LH) - corpus luteum does NOT regress - estrogen and progesterone levels remain _________ and stable |
| fast | __________ block to polyspermy involves egg depolarization |
| slow | __________ block to polyspermy involves increase in calcium concentration in the cell and the hardening and separation of the zona pellucida |
| acrosome | this part is the head of the sperm that contains digestive enzymes that are release when the sperm makes contact with the egg in order to degrade the egg layers and make it to the oocyte |
| fallopian tubes, syngamy, morula, blastula | cleavage - occurs in the __________ ___________ - dikaryon --> 2° oocyte finishes M2 --> ________ (fusion of egg and sperm nuclei) -- (24 hr) --> 2-cell stage --> __________ (solid ball of cells) --> _________ --> travels to the uterus for implantation |
| trophoblast | the outer part of the blastula; secretes HCG; extends life of corpus luteum; keeps estrogen and progesterone levels high |
| inner cell mass | the inner part of the blastula; becomes the embryo, umbilical cord, and amniotic sac |
| umbilical cord | this structure facilitates blood and oxygen exchange between mom and baby; develops from the inner cell mass of the blastula |
| amniotic sac | this structure provides protection and temperature regulation to the growing embryo; develops from the inner cell mass of the blastula |
| placenta | after 3 months, the trophoblast becomes the __________ - takes over hormone production - no corpus luteum needed - no more HCG produced |
| hcg | - analogous to LH - released from trophoblast to maintain the corpus luteum and prevent a LH surge - stops being released at 3 months when trophoblast --> placenta |
| stem cells | these are undifferentiated cells that can become specialized cells or divide to give rise to more of themselves; immortal (have telomerase activity); found in inner cell mass |
| blood stem cells | these are found in bone marrow; type of adult stem cell; only become WBC, RBC, or platelets; multipotent |
| totipotent | a zygote is a ___________ cells ∴ can become a complete organism ∴ only one of its kind that exists (except in the case of twins) |
| embryonic | __________ stage is the first stage of embryogenesis; comprised of gastrulation and neurulation +organogenesis |
| gastrulation | - weeks 1-4 of the embryonic stage - form the 3 primary germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm |
| endoderm | the primary germ layer that develops into the inner linings and gland organs |
| mesoderm | the primary germ layer that develops into bone, muscle, heart, blood vessels, and non-gland organs |
| ectoderm | the primary germ layer that develops into the skin, hair, nails, teeth, and nervous system |
| neurulation, organogenesis | ___________ and ____________ is the second phase of the embryonic stage - wk 4-8 - the first process forms the nervous system - the second process form the body organs |
| fetal | the __________ stage follows the embryonic stage and takes place from 8 weeks to birth |
| 12 | at week ____, you can ID the gender of the fetus |
| 16 | at week ____, mom can feel baby's movements |
| 24 | at week ____, eyelids unfuse and the baby can respond to light and sound |
| 28 | at week ____, the testes descend |
| 33 | at week _____, surfactant is made ∴ breathing is possible |
| 38 | at week _____, birth occurs |
| placenta | the deterioration of the __________ changes hormone levels which makes the uterus "irritable" and triggers labor |
| stretched | the uterus is ________ by a growing baby ∴ muscle responds by recoiling and contracting which makes the uterus "irritable" and triggers labor |
| cervix, oxytocin | the baby's head pushes on and stretches the _______ ---> trigger hypothalamus --> trigger posterior pituitary gland ---> triggers ________ release ---> uterus contracts ---> cycle starts over |
| lung bypasses | at birth, the baby's ______ __________ close - close the hole between the R and L atria - close the vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta - ∴ baby can use its own lungs to breathe |
| bypass | at birth, the baby's liver ________ close - only one of these ∴ baby can use its own liver |
| umbilical, arteries, veins | at birth, the baby's ___________ vessels close - the __________, which carry waste away from the baby, close 1st - the _________, which carry nutrients toward the baby, close 2nd |
| fetal Hb | at birth, the baby stops making ___________ ___, which has a higher affinity to oxygen compared to the adult kind |
| placenta, prolactin | at birth, the mom delivers the _________, which causes a dramatic decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels, which induces an increase in ____________ |
| prolactin, positive | ____________ release causes the mom to make milk which allows the baby to nurse which continues in a _________ feedback cycle |
| oxytocin, positive | when the baby nurses, it triggers the release of __________, which increases milk letdown, which makes more milk for the baby to nurse from --> continues in a ___________ feedback cycle |
Created by:
coletty218
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